With the increasing proportion of human papilloma virus(HPV)infection in the pathogenic factors of oro-pharyngeal cancer,a series of changes have occurred in the surgical treatment.While the treatment mode has been im-proved,there are still many problems,including the inconsistency between diagnosis and treatment modes,the lack of popularization of reconstruction technology,the imperfect post-treatment rehabilitation system,and the lack of effective preventive measures.Especially in terms of treatment mode for early oropharyngeal cancer,there is no unified conclu-sion whether it is surgery alone or radiotherapy alone,and whether robotic minimally invasive surgery has better func-tional protection than radiotherapy.For advanced oropharyngeal cancer,there is greater controversy over the treatment mode.It is still unclear whether to adopt a non-surgical treatment mode of synchronous chemoradiotherapy or induction chemotherapy combined with synchronous chemoradiotherapy,or a treatment mode of surgery combined with postopera-tive chemoradiotherapy.In order to standardize the surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer in China and clarify the indications for surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer,this expert consensus,based on the characteristics and treat-ment status of oropharyngeal cancer in China and combined with the international latest theories and practices,forms consensus opinions in multiple aspects of preoperative evaluation,surgical indication determination,primary tumor re-section,neck lymph node dissection,postoperative defect repair,postoperative complication management prognosis and follow-up of oropharyngeal cancer patients.The key points include:① Before the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer,the expression of P16 protein should be detected to clarify HPV status;② Perform enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the maxillofacial region before surgery to evaluate the invasion of oropharyngeal cancer and guide precise surgical resec-tion of oropharyngeal cancer.Evaluating mouth opening and airway status is crucial for surgical approach decisions and postoperative risk prediction;③ For oropharyngeal cancer patients who have to undergo major surgery and cannot eat for one to two months,it is recommended to undergo percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy before surgery to effectively improve their nutritional intake during treatment;④ Early-stage oropharyngeal cancer patients may opt for either sur-gery alone or radiation therapy alone.For intermediate and advanced stages,HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer general-ly prioritizes radiation therapy,with concurrent chemotherapy considered based on tumor staging.Surgical treatment is recommended as the first choice for HPV unrelated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma(including primary and re-current)and recurrent HPV related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma after radiotherapy and chemotherapy;⑤ For primary exogenous T1-2 oropharyngeal cancer,direct surgery through the oral approach or da Vinci robotic sur-gery is preferred.For T3-4 patients with advanced oropharyngeal cancer,it is recommended to use temporary mandibu-lectomy approach and lateral pharyngotomy approach for surgery as appropriate;⑥ For cT1-2N0 oropharyngeal cancer patients with tumor invasion depth＞3 mm and cT3-4N0 HPV unrelated oropharyngeal cancer patients,selective neck dissection of levels ⅠB to Ⅳ is recommended.For cN+HPV unrelated oropharyngeal cancer patients,therapeutic neck dissection in regions Ⅰ-Ⅴ is advised;⑦ If PET-CT scan at 12 or more weeks after completion of radiation shows intense FDG uptake in any node,or imaging suggests continuous enlargement of lymph nodes,the patient should undergo neck dissection;⑧ For patients with suspected extracapsular invasion preoperatively,lymph node dissection should include removal of surrounding muscle and adipose connective tissue;⑨ The reconstruction of oropharyngeal cancer defects should follow the principle of reconstruction steps,with priority given to adjacent flaps,followed by distal pedicled flaps,and finally free flaps.The anterolateral thigh flap with abundant tissue can be used as the preferred flap for large-scale postoperative defects.

Objective:To explore the relationship between atherosclerotic index of plasma(AIP)and vulnerable plaque of coronary under computed tomography(CT)based on coronary CT angiography(CCTA).Methods:Data were retrospectively collected on 213 patients with coronary heart disease(CHD)who underwent CCTA examination from January 2021 to February 2024 at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College,and they were divided into a vulnerable plaque group(123 cases)and a non-vulnerable plaque group(90 cases)according to whether existed vulnerable plaque of coronary artery.General clinical data such as age,gender,history of smoking,history of alcohol consumption,history of diabetes,and serum indicators such as AIP were collected.The differences in AIP and other factors between the two groups were compared.The independent influencing factors of vulnerable plaque of coronary artery were determined by multifactorial logistic regression analysis,and the predictive value of AIP for vulnerable plaque was assessed by drawing a receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Results:AIP of vulnerable plaque group was 0.22±0.31,which was higher than that 0.05±0.27 of the vulnerable plaque group,and the difference of AIP between two groups was significant(t=4.223,P<0.001).Multifactorial logistic analysis showed there was independent correlation between AIP and vulnerable plaque under CT(OR=7.556,95%CI:2.442～23.385,P=0.002).The ROC curve showed that the best cut-off value of AIP was 0.20 in predicting vulnerable plaque under CT,and the value of area under curve(AUC)was 0.665,and the sensitivity was 55.56%and the specificity was 73.98%.Conclusion:AIP is an independent influencing factor for CHD patients who complicate vulnerable plaques,and it has a certain of predictive value for vulnerable plaques.

Liver cancer ranks as the sixth most common cancer globally,with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)accounting for approximately 75％-85％of cases.Most patients present with moderately advanced disease,while those with advanced HCC face limited and ineffective treatment options.Despite diagnostic efforts,no ideal tumor marker exists to date,highlighting the urgent clinical need for improved early detection of HCC.A key research objective is the development of assays that target specific pathways involved in HCC progression.This review explores the pathological origin and development of HCC,providing insights into the mechanistic rationale,clinical statistics,and the advantages and limitations of commonly used diagnostic tumor markers.Additionally,it discusses the potential of emerging biomarkers for early diagnosis and offers a brief overview of relevant assay methodologies.This review aims to summarize existing markers and investigate new ones,providing a basis for subsequent research.

Objective:To investigate the role of recombinant phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) tandem dominant epitopes (PLA2RTD) in the removal of anti-PLA2R autoantibodies (anti-PLA2R) from primary membranous nephropathy (PMN).Methods:The recombinant protein PLA2RTD (cysteine-rich domain, C-type lectin like domain 1 and C-type lectin like domain 7) was expressed in bacmid-insect cell expression system. Circular dichroism was used to determine the secondary structure of PLA2RTD. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence were used to determine the biological activity of PLA2RTD. Epoxy activation method was used to couple the recombinant PLA2RTD and agarose gel CL-6B microspheres for preparing specific immune adsorbent of anti-PLA2R.Results:The study achieved the expression of PLA2RTD in the first time from the bacmid-insect cell system, demonstrating the good immunogenicity and high binding specificity of PLA2RTD. A single in vitro adsorption of PLA2RTD could averagely eliminate 76.66% of anti-PLA2R [(6.66±0.30) RU/ml vs. (28.54±2.10) RU/ml], the changes of IgG, IgA, albumin, β2 microglobulin, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α were all less than 4% after completion of adsorption, and the second or third repeated use of PLA2RTD could maintain the adsorption efficiency of about 65%. Conclusion:PLA2RTD-based specific immunosorbent can effectively remove anti-PLA2R in plasma, which provides a new way to specifically remove PMN-related autoantibodies.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of Bax and PHF20 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC)and to discuss their relevance and the roles in carcinogenesis and development in LSCC. METHOD: The expressions of Bax and PHF20 in the LSCC tissues and normal mucosa tissues adjacent to carcinoma were detected by SP immunohistochemistry assay. The relationship between the expressions of Bax and PHF20 and the clinicopathological characteristics including clinical stage, pathological type, histological grade and lymph node metastasis in LSCC were analyzed according to the clinical data. RESULT: (1) The expressions of Bax and PHF20 were both significantly lower in the LSCC tissue than that in the normal laryngeal tissue (P < 0.01). (2) In clinical stage grouping, there were no statistical differences of the quantity and positive rate of Bax and PHF20 expressions among supraglottic, glottic and subglottic LSCC (P > 0.05). In histological differentiation grouping, the quantity and positive rate of Bax and PHF20 expressions decreased significantly in poorly differentiated LSCC compared with the well and moderately differentiated LSCCs (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively). In T stage grouping, the quantity and positive rate of Bax and PHF20 expressions were both significantly higher in T1 + T2 compared with T3 +T4 (both P < 0.01). In addition, the quantity and positive rate of Bax and PHF20 expressions were both significantly higher in LSCC with lymph node metastasis compared to that without lymph node metastasis (both P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The lack of Bax and PHF20 might contribute to the carcinogenesis and development in LSCC. The positive expression of Bax and PHF20 maybe relative to T term degree, differentiation degree and lymphamatic metastasis of LSCC.
Antigens, Neoplasm ; metabolism ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; metabolism ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; metabolism ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; metabolism

Purpose:To discuss the relationship between the extent of red pseudocolor of pseudocolor CT image and MVD in lung carcinoma.Materials and Methods: The CT angiography was performed by using 16-slices spiral CT in 25 cases with pulmonary carcinoma,proved by pathology.Pseudocolor VR of tumor lesions of pulmonary carcinoma was performed.The immunohistochemical test of MVD of tumor lesion of pulmonary carcinoma was performed in 25 cases.The relation between the extent of red color on pseudo color VR and MVD of tumor lesion of pulmonary carcinoma were analyzed.Results: The extents of red pseudocolor of tumor lesion on VR pseudocolor Imaging were divided to four types: heavy ( n = 5 ),moderate ( n - 8 ),light (n = 9 ),no color( n = 3 ).The add CT values of tumor lesion after enhanced CT were 26.32 ±9.17Hu in 13 cases with heavy or moderate group,10.87 ±4.257Hu in 12 cases with light or no red color group.The numbers of MVD of tumor lesion of pulmonary carcinoma were 57 ±6.43 in 13 cases with heavy or moderate group,19 ±5.29 in 12 cases with light or no red color group.The numbers of MVD of pulmonary carcinoma had statistical significant between heavy or moderate group and light or no red color group.Conclusion:It has a significantly direct correlation between the extent of red pseudocolor of tumor lesion on pseudocolor image and MVD of tumor lesion in pulmonary carcinoma.