OBJECTIVE To analyze and identify non-target proteins in human albumin and human immunoglobulin by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem linear ion trap orbitrap mass spectrometry. METHODS The extract was separated on a ACQUITY UPLC peptide BEH C18(300Å, 1.7 μm, 2.1 mm×100 mm) column and the gradient elution was performed with mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile. The analytes were detected in Full MS/dd-MS2(TopN). RESULTS A total of 52 non-target proteins were identified from human albumin and human immunoglobulin. Among them, 25 non-target proteins were identified in human albumin samples, and 27 non-target proteins were identified in human immunoglobulin samples. CONCLUSION The established qualitative method can rapidly, accurately and systematically identify various proteins in human albumin and human immunoglobulin. The results provide reference for the quality control of the preparation as well as its further clinical application.

Objective:To investigate gender measurement invariance of the Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS)in people aged 50 years and older.Methods:A total of 1013 adults(50-96 years old)in Beijing, Hunan and Shandong were tested by using PSSS.The measurement invariance of PSSS between middle-aged and elderly males and females was analyzed.Differences in PSSS total scores and subscale scores between males and females were examined.Results:The equivalence test results of each item in the questionnaire met the requirements of the metrology(△CFI≥0.010, △TLI≥0.010, △RSMEA≤0.015), indicating that the hypotheses of morphological equivalence, weak equivalence, strong equivalence and strict equivalence of PSSS were all valid in the middle-aged and elderly population regardless of gender.In addition, middle-aged and elderly females had higher scores in family support, support from friends, support from other people and perceived social support than their male counterparts( P<0.05). Conclusions:PSSS has cross-gender equivalence in middle-aged and elderly people.Thus, differences in PSSS can reflect the perceived social support level in middle-aged and elderly people of different genders.

Objective:To investigate the effect of intranasal oxytocin administration on empathy in male adolescents with conduct disorder.Methods:The male adolescents with conduct disorder in the Psychological Counseling Clinic of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from September 2015 to August 2016 were selected.And they were randomly assigned to oxytocin group ( n=46) and placebo group ( n=51) by random number table. Subjects in oxytocin group were given nasal spray of 24 IU oxytocin twice per day for two weeks, while those in placebo group were given nasal spray of 0.9% sodium chloride solution for two weeks. The empathy of patients was assessed with a pain-related empathy task and interpersonal reactivity index (IRI) before and after two weeks′ administration. SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis, and repeated measurement analysis of variance was used to compare the empathy ability of the two groups before and after intervention. Results:Repeated measurement analysis of variance showed that there were significant time×group interaction effects in the scores of painful expressions during the pain-related empathy task ( F=13.86, P<0.001), IRI ( F=5.59, P=0.020) and empathic concern subscale ( F=4.99, P=0.028). There was significant between-group effect in the score of perspective-taking subscale of IRI( F=4.22, P=0.043). Simple effect analysis revealed that after two weeks of intervention, the score of needle-pain expression in oxytocin group was significantly higher than that at baseline ( t=-2.08, P=0.040). And the score of needle-pain expression in oxytocin group was significantly higher than that in placebo group ( t=2.33, P=0.022). After two weeks of intervention, the total IRI score ( t=-2.58, P=0.011) and empathy factor score ( t=-3.15, P=0.002) of oxytocin group were both higher than those at baseline. After intervention, the total IRI score ( t=2.30, P=0.024) and perspective-taking factor score ( t=2.57, P=0.012) in oxytocin group were higher than those in placebo group, and the differences were statistically significant. Conclusions:Oxytocin may improve the cognitive and emotional empathy in male adolescents with conduct disorder.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of individualized cognitive behavioral therapy for unprotected sex and sexual attitude of middle school students having unprotected sex.Methods:A target sample of 68 adolescents having unprotected sex was recruited from 4 secondary schools in Changsha,Hunan [the unprotected sex (US) score of Health-Risk Behavior Inventory for Chinese Adolescents (HBICA) ≥ 1].Subjects were randomized assigned to cognitive behavioral therapy group (CBT group) and control group.Each group had 34 subjects.The CBT group was giving one-on-one counseling for 6 weeks (50 to 60 minutes weekly).The control group didn't receive intervention by counselors.The US and Attitudes Toward Sexuality Scale (ATSS) were selected as criterion measurements.Outcome assessments were made at baseline and at 1-and 3-month follow-up.Results:The reduction rate of US scores showed that the response rate of therapy was over 80％.Mixed linear model analysis showed that there were significant group effect,time effect and group × time effect in scores of US and ATSS (Ps ＜ 0.05).Simple effect analysis indicated that the scores of US and ATSS of CBT group were significant lower than those of baseline from 1-month follow-up [(2.2 ± 2.9) vs.(4.7 ± 3.1),(3.2 ± 1.6) vs.(4.7 ± 3.1);(38.2 ± 4.9) vs.(40.9 ±5.1),(37.2 ±5.4) vs.(40.9 ±5.1),Ps ＜0.01],whereas the scores of those in the control group did not show any significant difference (Ps ＞0.05).At l-month and 3 month follow-up,moderate effect sizes were found for the CBT and control groups on all the outcome measures (Cohen's d =0.50-0.70).Conclusion:The individualized cognitive behavioral therapy could effectively reduce the level of unprotected sex and sexual attitude of adolescents having unprotected sex.

Child and adolescent mental disorders are common disorders with various symptoms,and attracting more attention due to the increasing prevalence.Mental disorders,especially the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the autism spectrum disorder (ASD),have great influence on the development of children and adolescents.Nowadays,the biomarkers from neuroimaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have a great importance on the diagnosis of mental disorders,and machine learning has been proved to be very powerful in the processing for neuroimages.Nowadays,many researchers are focusing on the studies of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) based on machine learning and neuroimaging.In this review,the technical details of machine learning based CAD of child and adolescent mental disorders are briefly introduced,and the research progress in CAD of ADHD and ASD based on machine learning and structural MRI are summarized.These studies showed that many machine learning methods have been used in the diagnosis of child and adolescent mental disorders,but the relevant methods cannot be applied to clinical diagnosis.Further studies should be conducted to improve the diagnostic ability of machine learning methods from multiple perspectives,and provide an objective and reliable tool for the clinical diagnosis of child and adolescent mental disorders.

Objective:To explore the grey matter concentration in individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression.Methods:Thirty individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression and thirty age-and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study,and they were subjected to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination.The grey matter concentration differences were compared between the two groups by using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) following MRI.Results:Individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression showed significantly lower grey matter density in bilateral insular,left cerebellum,right supplementary motor area,and left precentral gyrus than those in the healthy controls,while the healthy controls showed significantly lower grey density in the right inferior frontal gyrus,right middle frontal gyrus,and left cuneus than those in the individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression.Conclusion:Structural brain abnormalities in individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression might be the neural basis for cognitive vulnerability to depression.

Objective To investigate the functional characteristic of adolescents with conduct disorder (CD) in the resting state.Methods Resting-sate fMRI (rs-fMRI) scans were administered to 28 male adolescents with CD and 28 age-,gender-and IQ-matched healthy controls (HCs).The rs-fMRI data were subjected to amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) analysis and ALFF values were compared between the two groups.Additionally,the region ROIs showed significant difference and correlation analysis was conducted between ALFF in each ROI and Barratt's scores.Results ① Compared to HCs,the CD group showed decreased ALFF (P＜0.005) bilaterally in the superior frontal gyrus,right middle frontal gyrus,right posterior cingulate gyrus,right inferior parietal lobule (MNI coordinates:-21,48,27;21,24,48;36,24,33 6,-36,39;48,-45,57 respectively) as well as increased ALFF (P＜O.005) in the left thalamus and left lingual gyrus (MNI coordinates:-15,-27,-3;-18,-87,-12 respectively).② There was no significant correlation between ALFF and Barratt's scores in ROIs.Conclusion The results suggest that CD is associated with abnormal intrinsic brain activity,mainly in frontal-parietal-occipital-limbic cortices,which is related to emotional and cognitive processing and behavioral functions.

Objective To examine the effects of a functional polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene on spontaneous brain activity in healthy male adolescents.Methods Resting-state fMRI was performed on 31 healthy male adolescents with the low-activity MAOA genotype (MAOA-L) and 25 healthy male adolescents with the high-activity MAOA genotype (MAOA-H).The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal was calculated using REST software,and was compared between two genotype groups.The region ROIs showed significant difference.The ALFF data in ROIs were related to BIS scores.Results Compared with the MAOA-H group,the MAOA-L group showed a significant decrease of ALFF (P＜0.001) in the pons (MNI coordinates:-6,-19,-23;6,-16,-17;-6,-25,-32).In addition,the BIS scores were positively correlated with ALFF in pons in the MAOA-L group (r=0.398,P=0.02),but not in the MAOA-H group.Conclusions There exists relevance between the polymorphism of MAOA and the spontaneous brain activity in pons.And the lower activity of spontaneous brain activity in pons may be a key risk factor for impulsivity and aggression.

Objective:To re-explore and confirm the construct of the Adolescent Self-rating Life Events Checklist (ASLEC),and evaluation the reliability of it among middle school students. Methods:Totally 10 566 ad-olescents,grade 7th to grade 12th,from 10 cities were recruited to complete ASLEC by using stratified randomized cluster-sampling method. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D ),Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC)were selected as the criterion measurements which to examine the association between depression and anxiety with life events. Test-retest reliability were examined by 141 participants random se-lected after 4 weeks. Results:ASLEC including being punished,loss,relationship pressure,learning pressure and a-daption problem after explored factor analysis. The fit indices of confirmatory factor analysis were RMSEA=0. 10, CFI=0. 90,TLI=0. 88,WRMR=4. 96. The correlation coefficients of total scale with ASLEC and total score with CES-D and MASC were 0. 45 and 0. 43. The Cronbach'sαcoefficient of the total scale was 0. 92,the test-retest re-liability was 0. 73,the split-half reliability was 0. 85. The total score decreased apparently compared with the norm of Liu's study (in 1997). Compared to girls,there were significant higher score on punishment and adaption sub-scale,and significant lower score on relationship and learning pressure subscale among boys except the loss factor. Conclusion:A more reasonable new construct consists of 5 factors has been confirmed. The ASLEC has good validity and reliability. The score on total scale and subscales in this study can serve as norm references.

Objective To explore the interaction between a serotonin transporter gene promoter region polymorphism(5-HTTPR) and stress in predicting anxiety symptoms.Methods Through random cluster sampling,a total of 252 healthy adolescents participated in this study.During the initial assessment,all participants completed the Adolescent Life Events Questionnaire (ALEQ) and Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) to assess their levels of stress and anxiety and were genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism.Participants subsequently completed MASC and ALEQ once every three months during the subsequent 24 months.A multilevel model was used to investigate the interaction between 5-HTTLPR and stress that predict anxiety symptoms.Results The results indicated no major effect of 5-HTTLPR in males (β=0.80,P＞0.05)or females(β=-0.21,P＞0.05).There were major effects of stress in males(β=0.30,P＜0.01) and females (β=0.33,P＜0.01)and a significant interaction between 5-HTTLPR and stress.Females with at least one 5-HTTLPR S allele(β=0.11,P＜ 0.01)and males with at least one 5-HTTLPR L allele(β=-0.10,P＜0.01)exhibited more anxiety symptoms under stressful situations.Conclusion The interaction between 5-HTTLPR and stress can predict anxiety symptoms in adolescents.There are gender differences on the 5-HTTLPR × stress interaction.