Periodontitis is a common oral disease characterized by progressive alveolar bone resorption and inflammation of the periodontal tissues. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been used in the treatment of various immune-inflammatory diseases due to its excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions. Here, we investigated for the first time the therapeutic effect of DMF on periodontitis. In vivo studies showed that DMF significantly inhibited periodontal destruction, enhanced mitophagy, and decreased the M1/M2 macrophage ratio. In vitro studies showed that DMF inhibited macrophage polarization toward M1 macrophages and promoted polarization toward M2 macrophages, with improved mitochondrial function, inhibited oxidative stress, and increased mitophagy in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, DMF increased intracellular mitochondrial Tu translation elongation factor (TUFM) levels to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis, promoted mitophagy, and modulated macrophage polarization, whereas TUFM knockdown decreased the protective effect of DMF. Finally, mechanistic studies showed that DMF increased intracellular TUFM levels by protecting TUFM from degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation pathway. Our results demonstrate for the first time that DMF protects mitochondrial function and inhibits oxidative stress through TUFM-mediated mitophagy in macrophages, resulting in a shift in the balance of macrophage polarization, thereby attenuating periodontitis. Importantly, this study provides new insights into the prevention of periodontitis.
Dimethyl Fumarate/pharmacology* ; Mitophagy/drug effects* ; Animals ; Mice ; Macrophages/metabolism* ; Periodontitis/prevention & control* ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Oxidative Stress/drug effects* ; Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/metabolism* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Male ; Mitochondria/drug effects*

OBJECTIVE： A RP－ HPLC method was established for determination of serum concentration of propofol in man METHODS： The mobile phase consisted of methanol－ water（ 68∶ 32v/v） The detection was carried out at wave length 258nm and flow rate 1ml/min with carbamazepine as internal standard RESULTS： The retention times of propofol and carbamazepine were 9 20 and 5 16 min， respectively The mean recovery of propofol was 99％  The within－ day and inter－ day variations were all less than 10％  Propofol and carbamazepine were seperated well The assay linearity was obtained in the range of 1～ 16μ g/ml in serum（ r=0 9 994）  CONCLUSION： The method is sensitive， simple and reliable for the determination of propofol concentration

OBJECTIVE:A RP-HPLC method was established for determination of serum concentration of propofol in man METHODS:The mobile phase consisted of methanol-water(68∶32v/v)The detection was carried out at wave length 258nm and flow rate 1ml/min with carbamazepine as internal standard RESULTS:The retention times of propofol and carbamazepine were 9 20 and 5 16 min,respectively The mean recovery of propofol was 99% The within-day and inter-day variations were all less than 10% Propofol and carbamazepine were seperated well The assay linearity was obtained in the range of 1～16?g/ml in serum(r=0 9 994) CONCLUSION:The method is sensitive,simple and reliable for the determination of propofol concentration