Objective: To investigate the status and associated factors of sports supplement usage among grade 9 students, so as to provide a scientific basis for targeted supervision and health education regarding sports supplement usage among junior high school students. Methods: From June to September 2025, a stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 2 261 grade 9 students from 10 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in China. A questionnaire survey was conducted on their sports supplement usage and related factors. The Chi square test was used to compare the usage rates of sports supplements among different groups of students, and binary Logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the related factors of sports supplement usage among grade 9 students. Results: Totally 59.7% of the grade 9 students used sports supplements. The usage rate (62.5%) was higher among boys than girls (56.3%), higher among students from rural areas and towns/counties (66.5%, 66.2%) than those from urban districts (52.9%), higher among boarding students (65.2%) than non resident students (54.3%), higher among students whose parents occupations were businessmen and workers (fathers: 65.0%, 63.7%; mothers: 63.6%, 61.1%) than those whose parents were farmers and civil servants (fathers: 57.5%, 54.1%; mothers: 58.8%, 55.7%), higher among students with a monthly family income of 5 000- 10 000 yuan (66.3%) than those in other income groups, and higher among students in the high score zone for the entrance physical examination to senior high school (67.7%) than those in the medium and low score zones ( 56.3% , 56.5%) ( χ 2=8.99, 42.21, 27.98, 20.55, 8.20, 22.74, 24.70, respectively, all P <0.05). Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that boys ( OR =1.26), those from rural areas ( OR =1.59), boarding students ( OR =1.36), those with a monthly family income of 5 000- 10 000 yuan ( OR =1.41), and those in the high score zone for entrance physical examination to senior high school ( OR =1.34) were more likely to use sports supplements during the entrance physical examination to senior high school; the probability of sports supplement usage was lower among students whose fathers were civil servants ( OR =0.74) (all P <0.05). Conclusions The usage of sports supplements is relatively common among grade 9 students. Intervention measures should be targeted at specific populations to reduce the risk of misuse.

Objective To investigate the pharmacological mechanism through which total flavonoids extracted from Xiaobuxin-Tang(XBXT-2)affects neural network activities in the frontal cortex by focusing on the effects of XBXT-2 on the cortical field potentials in the frontal association cortex(FrA)in mice.Methods Cortical electrodes were implanted into the skull of C57BL/6J mice targeting the FrA.After a 7-day recovery period,the mice were administered XBXT-2 intragastrically at a dose of 100 mg/kg,and 1 hour later,local field potential(LFP)in the FrA were recorded for 30 minutes.Spectral analysis of the data was performed using Neuro Explorer software.Changes in the power spectral density of α,β,θ,γ,and δ frequency bands before and after drug administration were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 10.3.Phase-amplitude coupling of θ and γ oscillations was analyzed using Matlab 2021 software.Results It was found that the oral administration of XBXT-2 significantly suppressed high-frequency γ oscillations while simultaneously enhancing θ,β,α,and δ oscillations in FrA of mice compared to the control.Furthermore,XBXT-2 treatment markedly strengthened the phase-amplitude coupling between θ and γ oscillations.Conclusion XBXT-2 possibly affects emotional and cognitive functions by modulating neural network activity in FrA and enhancing θ-γ phase-amplitude coupling in mice.

Objective To explore method for improving the colonization efficiency of Helicobacter pylori(Hp)in the mouse stomach and to determine if the proton pump inhibitor(PPI)pantoprazole can act as a colonization adjuvant to enhance Hp colonization,with the aim of providing an effective tool for establishing an Hp infection mouse model.Methods The Hp Sydney strain 1(SS1)was introduced and solid plate and liquid culture systems were established.The effects of different doses of pantoprazole on gastric acid secretion in mice were compared.The impact of Hp inoculation,alone or combined with pantoprazole pretreatment,on Hp colonization efficiency was analyzed using rapid urease tests,bacterial plate cultures,and TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results PPI pretreatment inhibited gastric acid secretion and promoted Hp colonization in the mouse stomach,to some extent.Conclusions PPI can serve as colonization adjuvants to enhanc e the efficiency of constructing Hp infection mouse models.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection's effect on gestational liver function, pregnancy and delivery complications, and neonatal development. METHODS: A total of 157 HCV antibody-positive (anti-HCV[+]) and HCV RNA(+) patients (Group C) and 121 anti-HCV(+) and HCV RNA(-) patients (Group B) were included as study participants, while 142 anti-HCV(-) and HCV RNA(-) patients (Group A) were the control group. Data on biochemical indices during pregnancy, pregnancy complications, delivery-related information, and neonatal complications were also collected. RESULTS: Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) rates in Group C during early, middle, and late pregnancy were 59.87%, 43.95%, and 42.04%, respectively-significantly higher than Groups B (26.45%, 15.70%, 10.74%) and A (23.94%, 19.01%, 6.34%) ( P < 0.05). Median ALT levels in Group C were significantly higher than in Groups A and B at all pregnancy stages ( P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in neonatal malformation rates across groups ( P > 0.05). However, neonatal jaundice incidence was significantly greater in Group C (75.16%) compared to Groups A (42.25%) and B (57.02%) ( χ ² = 33.552, P < 0.001). HCV RNA positivity during pregnancy was an independent risk factor for neonatal jaundice ( OR = 2.111, 95% CI 1.242-3.588, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Chronic HCV infection can affect the liver function of pregnant women, but does not increase the pregnancy or delivery complication risks. HCV RNA(+) is an independent risk factor for neonatal jaundice.
Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Adult ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Infant, Newborn ; Viremia/virology* ; Hepatitis C ; Hepacivirus/physiology* ; Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology* ; Young Adult ; Alanine Transaminase/blood*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between long-term glycemic control and cerebral infarction risk in patients with diabetes through a large-scale cohort study. METHODS: This prospective, community-based cohort study included 12,054 patients with diabetes. From 2006 to 2012, 38,272 fasting blood glucose (FBG) measurements were obtained from these participants. FBG trajectory patterns were generated using latent mixture modelling. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to assess the subsequent risk of cerebral infarction associated with different FBG trajectory patterns. RESULTS: At baseline, the mean age of the participants was 55.2 years. Four distinct FBG trajectories were identified based on FBG concentrations and their changes over the 6-year follow-up period. After a median follow-up of 6.9 years, 786 cerebral infarction events were recorded. Different trajectory patterns were associated with significantly varied outcome risks (Log-Rank P < 0.001). Compared with the low-stability group, Hazard Ratio ( HR) adjusted for potential confounders were 1.37 for the moderate-increasing group, 1.23 for the elevated-decreasing group, and 2.08 for the elevated-stable group. CONCLUSION Sustained high FBG levels were found to play a critical role in the development of ischemic stroke among patients with diabetes. Controlling FBG levels may reduce the risk of cerebral infarction.
Humans ; Cerebral Infarction/blood* ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Female ; Blood Glucose/analysis* ; Fasting/blood* ; Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Diabetes Mellitus/blood* ; Adult ; Proportional Hazards Models

OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism through which Chaixian Huashen decoction(CXHSD)ameliorates lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced acute lung injury(ALI)in mice.METHODS Component analysis:the components of CXHSD extract were analyzed via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Exactive HFX).Network pharma-cology analysis was conducted to predict the potential active components and underlying therapeutic targets of CXHSD for ALI treatment.① Animal experiment:mice were randomly divided into the normal control group,model(LPS)group,model+dexamethasone(DEX)4 mg·kg-1 group,model+CXHSD 10 g·kg-1 group,and model+CXHSD 20 g·kg-1 group.Except for the normal control group,ALI was induced in all the mice by intratracheal instillation of LPS.Model+CXHSD groups received daily intra-gastric administration of corresponding treatments for 7 consecutive days.The model+DEX group was administered saline intragastrically for the initial 5 d,followed by DEX for the next 2 d.ALI was induced by intratracheal instillation of LPS 5 mg·kg-1 1 h after the 6th administration of CXHSD/DEX.24 h after modeling,the severity of pulmonary edema was assessed using the wet to dry weight(W/D)ratio,and hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was used to evaluate histopathological damage.The levels of myeloperoxidase(MPO),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),IL-1β in lung tissue homogenates and serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The total protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)was measured by bicinchoninic acid(BCA)assay.Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to assess the expression levels of toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),myeloid differentiation primary response 88(MyD88),zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)and occludin,as well as the phosphorylation level of nuclear factor-kappa B p65(NF-κB p65).② Cell experiment:RAW264.7 cells were divided into the cell control group,LPS 1 mg·L-1 group,LPS 1 mg·L-1+DEX 1 mg·L-1 group,and LPS 1 mg·L-1+CXHSD 50,100 and 200 mg·L-1 groups.After 24 h of culture,the nitric oxide(NO)content was measured with the nitrate reductase method,the levels of TNF-α,IL-1 β and IL-6 in the cell supernatants of each group were detected by ELISA.RESULTS Network pharmacology analysis indicated that CXHSD might alleviate ALI through the NF-κB pathway.① Com-pared with the normal control group,the W/D ratio was elevated,pathological injuries aggravated(such as alveolar wall thickening,inflammatory infiltration,and alveolar congestion),histopathological damage pronounced,MPO activity increased,and total protein concentrations in BALF raised in the model group,in which levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1 β in both lung tissue and serum became higher.Concur-rently,LPS increased the expressions of p-NF-κB p65,TLR4 and MyD88,but reduced the expressions of ZO-1 and occludin.Compared with the model group,model+CXHSD groups had their pulmonary edema and lung pathological injury ameliorated as evidenced by alleviated alveolar wall thickening,inflammatory infiltration and alveolar congestion.The levels of MPO,TNF-α,IL-1 β and IL-6 in both lung tissue and serum,and the total protein concentrations in BALF were significantly decreased in the model+CXHSD groups.Additionally,the expressions of TLR4,MyD88,and p-NF-κB p65 were significantly downregulated,while those of ZO-1 and occludin were prominently upregulated.② Compared with the cell control,the levels of TNF-α,IL-1 β,IL-6 and NO in the supernatant of RAW264.7 cells were signifi-cantly increased in the LPS group.Compared with the LPS group,in the supernatant of RAW264.7 cells treated with LPS+CXHSD at 100 mg·L-1,there was no significant difference in TNF-α levels.However,in the other groups treated with LPS+CXHSD,the levels of TNF-α,IL-1 β,IL-6,and the content of NO were significantly reduced.CONCLUSION CXHSD can alleviate LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway,attenuating inflammation,and preserving pulmonary barrier integrity.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Bai Ling Long Zao An Shen formula(BLLZ)in sleep improvement in an environmental stress-induced insomnia rat model and explore its underlying mechanisms.METHODS(1)Component analysis:the chemical constituents of the BLLZ extract were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS).(2)Eval-uation of the sedative and hypnotic effect:① Mice:50 ICR mice were randomly divided into normal control group,BLLZ-L group(5,10 and 20 g·kg-1)and diazepam group(DZP,3 mg·kg-1).After five days of intragastric administration,pentobarbital sodium-induced righting reflex and locomotor activity tests were performed.② Rats:8 SD rats were implanted with electrodes and allowed to recover for seven days before baseline EEG data was collected over 24 h.A crossover design(7 d washout period)was employed,with rats randomly assigned to the DZP(3 mg·kg-1)and BLLZ(20 g·kg-1)group.After five days of treatment,24 h EEG recordings were obtained.(3)Insomnia model and interventions:①8 SD rats were allowed to recover for seven days post-surgery,followed by 6 h(14:00-20:00)baseline EEG recording.A 3×3 crossover design was used to assign rats to model(environmental stress-induced insomnia),model+DZP,or model+BLLZ groups.After five days of treatment,insomnia was induced by frequent cage changes(14:00,16:00 and 18:00),and EEG changes were monitored.(4)Mechanistic study:32 SD rats were randomly divided into the normal control group,model group,and model+DZP group.After five days of treatment,hypothalamic tissues were collected for biochemi-cal analysis.γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),glutamate(Glu),and dopamine(DA)levels were measured using biochemical kits while γ aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1(GABAA1),core clock proteins period circadian regulator 2(PER2)and circadian locomotor output cycles(CLOCK)protein expressions were assessed by Western blotting.RESULTS(1)Compared with the normal control group,the sleep latency of BLLZ 10 and 20 g·kg-1 and DZP groups was significantly shortened,and the locomotor activity of BLLZ 20 g·kg-1 and DZP groups was significantly reduced;BLLZ 20 g·kg-1 signifi-cantly increased the total sleep time,slow-wave sleep time,and average duration of sleep in normal rats,and significantly reduced the wakefulness time.(2)The total sleep time and slow-wave sleep time of the model group significantly decreased and the wakefulness time significantly increased compared with baseline.(3)Compared with the model group,the total sleep time and slow-wave sleep time of the model+BLLZ group and the model+DZP group were significantly increased,and the wakefulness time significantly shortened.(4)Compared with the normal control group,the Glu/GABA ratio,DA content and CLOCK protein expression were significantly increased and GABAA1 and PER2 protein expres-sion were significantly decreased in the model group;compared with the model group,the Glu/GABA ratio,DA content and CLOCK protein expression were significantly decreased,and the expression of GABAA1 and PER2 were significantly increased in the model+BLLLZ group and the model+DZP group.CONCLUSION BLLZ has sedative and hypnotic effects.It can prolong the total slow-wave sleep time by increasing the average duration of slow-wave sleep episodes,thereby increasing the total sleep time and improving environmental stress-induced insomnia.The mechanism may be related to the downregulation of the Glu/GABA ratio and DA levels as well as the enhancement of GABAA1 expressions and the regulation of hypothalamic core clock protein expressions.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological status and molecular characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli(DEC)infection in Xiangshan County,providing a basis for its infection surveillance and outbreak control.Methods The real-time fluores-cence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)was used to detect virulence genes in isolated E.coli strains.The identified DEC strains were per-formed whole genome sequencing(WGS).The sequencing data were utilized for bacterial resistance gene analysis,multilocus sequence typing(MLST),and core genome multilocus sequence typing(cgMLST).Results A total of 29 DEC strains were isolated,with a detection rate of 9.8%.Enteroaggregative E.coli(EAEC)and enterotoxigenic E.coli(ETEC)were the main strains,accounting for 51.7%and 31.1%,respectively,while enteropathogenic E.coli(EPEC)had a relatively low proportion(17.2%).Drug resistance gene analysis showed that these strains were generally resistant to multiple antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones and carbapenems.MLST typing identified 19 sequence types(STs),including one novel ST type(STcpEC1).Among them,ST117,ST2178,ST31,and ST48 were dominant types.ETEC strains were mainly concentrated in the clonal complex CC-10,while the molecular typing of EAEC and EPEC strains was more dispersed.cgMLST analysis further confirmed the genetic characteristics of different DEC strains.Conclusion DEC infections in Xiangshan County are mainly caused by EAEC,ETEC,and EPEC.These strains have abundant resistance genes.Among them,the molecular typing of EAEC and EPEC is relatively dispersed,while ETEC is concentrated in the clonal complex CC-10.

Family with sequence similarity 3 member A(FAM3A),a novel mitochondrial protein,plays a pivotal role in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by enhancing ATP synthesis and secretion and mod-ulating the ATP-P2 receptor-Akt signaling pathway.Dysregulation of FAM3A is closely associated with the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).In this study,targeting FAM3A as a therapeutic candidate,we conducted virtual screening to identify 47 small-molecule compounds with potential binding activity.Surface plasmon resonance(SPR)analysis re-vealed three compounds exhibiting high binding affinity to FAM3 A.Further structural characterization of the FAM3A-compound complexes,combined with intermolecular interaction analysis,elucidated the binding mode of the lead compound Index 2(taxifolin)to FAM3A at atomic resolution.These findings provide critical insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ligand-FAM3A interactions and deliver valuable chemical scaffolds for the development of therapeutics targeting NAFLD and T2DM.This work establishes a foundation for advancing drug discovery efforts focused on FAM3A-mediated metabolic disor-ders.