Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) technology originated in China during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and has rapidly developed over the past two decades, becoming a primary method for studying the causal relationship between gut microbiota and the occurrence and progression of diseases. At the same time, the therapeutic effects of FMT in the field of gastrointestinal diseases have gained widespread recognition and are gradually expanding into other disease areas. The FMT procedure is relatively complex, and there is currently no standardized method; its success is influenced by various factors, including the donor, recipient, processing of the fecal material, and the method of implantation. Given the increasingly recognized relationship between gut microbiota and various diseases, FMT has become a research hotspot in both scientific studies and clinical applications, achieving a series of significant advancements. To help researchers better understand this technology, this paper will outline the development history of FMT, summarize common operational methods in research and clinical settings, review its application progress, and look forward to future development directions.

The assessment of adverse drug events is an important basis for clinical safety evaluation and post-marketing risk control of drugs,and its causality assessment is gaining increasing attention.The existing methods for assessing the causal relationship between drugs and the occurrence of adverse reactions can be broadly classified into three categories:global introspective methods,standardized methods,and probabilistic methods.At present,there is no systematic introduction of the operational details of the various methods in the domestic literature.This paper compares representative causality assessment methods in terms of definition and concept,methodological steps,industry evaluation and advantages and disadvantages,clarifies the basic process of determining the causality of adverse drug reactions,and discusses how to further improve the adverse drug reaction monitoring and evaluation system,with a view to providing a reference for drug development and pharmacovigilance work in China.

Background Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) can disrupt the metabolic homeostasis of the liver and accelerate the progression of liver diseases, but there are few studies on the effects of sub-chronic PM_2.5 exposure on the liver metabolome. Objectives To investigate the effects of sub-chronic exposure to concentrated PM_2.5 on hepatic metabolomics in mice by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and to identify potentially affected metabolites and metabolic pathways. Methods Twelve male C57BL/6J (6 weeks old) mice were randomly divided into two groups: a concentrated PM_2.5 exposure group and a clean air exposure group. The mice were exposed to concentrated PM_2.5 using the "Shanghai Meteorological and Environmental Animal Exposure System" at Fudan University. The exposure duration was 8 h per day, 6 d per week, for a total of 8 weeks. The mice's liver tissues were collected 24 h after the completion of exposure. LC-MS was performed to assess changes in the hepatic metabolome. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and t-test were employed to identify differentially regulated metabolites between the two groups under the conditions of variable important in projection (VIP)≥1.0 and P<0.05. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis was performed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0 software and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Results A total of 297 differentially regulated metabolites were identified between the concentrated PM_2.5 exposure group and the clean air group. Among these metabolites, 142 were upregulated and 155 were downregulated. A total of 38 metabolic pathways were altered, with 7 pathways showing significant perturbation (P<0.05). These pathways involved amino acid metabolism, glucose metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, as well as cofactor and vitamin metabolism. The 7 significant metabolic pathways were pantothenic acid and coenzyme A biosynthesis; purine metabolism; amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism; arginine biosynthesis; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; and fructose and mannose metabolism. Conclusion The results from metabolomics analysis suggest that sub-chronic exposure to PM_2.5 may disrupt hepatic energy metabolism and induce oxidative stress damage. Aspartic acid, succinic acid, ornithine, fumaric acid, as well as purine and xanthine derivatives, were identified as potential early biomarkers of hepatic response to sub-chronic PM_2.5 exposure.

Antiviral drug research and development is an important research direction in the current and future biomedical field. The research and development of antiviral drugs not only requires the application of new strategies and new technologies, but also requires the complementary advantages and close cooperation of project teams. Based on the latest progress in this field and the author's drug research practice, this paper summarizes the underlying logic, innovative thinking and research paradigm of antiviral medicinal chemistry.

BACKGROUND:Establishing an objective and standard animal model of bone nonunion is essential for experimental studies and treatment of nonunion. OBJECTIVE:To establish an objective animal model for experimental studies of nonunion. METHODS:Specific pathogen-free male Wistar rats were selected and prepared by cutting off a 5 mm bone defect in the middle femur,peeling off a large periosteum and removing bone marrow.Animal models were fixed with a 1.2 mm Kirschner wire.At 1,4 and 8 weeks,bone nonunion was observed by gross specimen observation,X-ray examination and histopathological examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The gross specimen,X-ray film and histopathological examination showed that there was no callus formation in the bone defect area,the broken end was filled with fiber tissue,and the bone callus was rare or even invisible.To conclude,the rat model of nonunion can be successfully established by osteotomy of the middle femur,large periosteum peeling and bone marrow removal.This modeling method is simple,reliable and effective.

AIM To establish a UPLC method for the simultaneous content determination of schisandrol A,gomisin J,schisandrol B,angeloylgomisin H,angeloylgomisin Q,schisanhenol,deoxyschizandrin and schisandrin C in Waigan Fenghan Granules.METHODS The analysis was performed on a 40℃thermostatic WELCH Ultimate?-C18 column(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-0.1%formic acid flowing at 0.3 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 267 nm.RESULTS Eight Schisandra lignans showed good linear relationships within their own ranges(R2≥0.998 3),whose average recoveries were 96.47%-104.96%with the RSDs of 0.62%-1.60%.CONCLUSION This simple,rapid and accurate method can be used for the quality control of Hugan Tablets.

Objective To explore the effects of Buxue Shengsui Recipe on anemia and immune injury in zebrafish and its mechanism.Methods Tg(gata1a:DsRed)zebrafish was used as experimental subjects to establish phenylhydrazine-induced zebrafish anemia model.To observe the effect of different concentrations of Buxue Shengsui Recipe on the average strength of zebrafish dorsal blood vessels.Besides,Tg(lysc:DsRed)zebrafish was used as experimental subjects to establish immune injury model of zebrafish induced by chloramphenicol and vinorelbine.To observe the effect of Buxue Shengsui Recipe on the number of neutrophils in zebrafish tail.The expression of interleukin 6(IL-6),interleukin 10(IL-10)and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α)mRNA was detected by Real time-PCR.Results Compared with the model group,0.5 mg·mL-1 and 2 mg·mL-1 Buxue Shengsui Recipe significantly increased the average strength of zebrafish dorsal blood vessels(P<0.01)in a dose-dependent manner.2 mg·mL-1 Buxue Shengsui Recipe significantly reversed the decrease of neutrophils caused by chloramphenicol and vinorelbine(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the expression of IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA of zebrafish in Buxue Shengsui formula group was significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and TNF-α mRNA expression was significantly decreased(P<0.05).Conclusion Buxue Shengsui Recipe can improve the anemia state of zebrafish induced by phenylhydrazine,and has obvious protective effect on the immune injury of zebrafish induced by chloramphenicol and vinorelbine,which is related to the up-regulation of cytokines IL-6,IL-10 and the down-regulation of TNF-α.

Objective:To assess the feasibility and application of mixed reality combined with surgical navigation technology in parapharyngeal space tumor surgery, and to provide a reference for the development and promotion of this technology.Methods:In this study, retrospective data collection was conducted on 16 patients with parapharyngeal space tumors who were treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from June 2020 to June 2023. The patient′s age was (39.6±17.8) years, with 4 males and 12 females. Mixed reality combined with surgical navigation technology was utilized to assist physicians in the treatment of these patients. Mixed reality combined with surgical navigation technology was used to assist physicians in treatment of these patients. The application steps included acquisition of image data, processing of image data [three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, image fusion, and virtual surgical design], development of surgical navigation plan, connection of mixed reality and navigation system, automatic registration and intraoperative guidance and validation. In the preoperative plan, landmark points were placed on the virtual tumor and surrounding important structures reconstructed using digital software, serving to guide the localization of crucial anatomical structures. Intraoperative positioning deviation, surgical time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complications were recorded and analyzed to evaluate the clinical application effectiveness of mixed reality combined with surgical navigation technology.Results:With the assistance of mixed reality combined with surgical navigation technology, 16 patients successfully underwent tumor resection. All patients were accurately diagnosed preoperatively by 3D reconstruction and image fusion technology, and a comprehensive preoperative plan was formulated; intraoperatively, mixed reality combined with surgical navigation technology was utilized for the localization of important structures. The average localization deviation of 38 landmark points during the operation were (4.43±1.96) mm, with 62% (26/42) of the points having a deviation of ≥0 and<5 mm. The average duration of the operation was (149.6±53.9) min and the blood loss was 70 (45, 150) ml. The average postoperative follow-up was 16 months, and five patients experienced postoperative complications involving facial paralysis, hoarseness, and choking.Conclusions:Mixed reality combined with surgical navigation technology can achieve the three-dimensional visualization of oral and maxillofacial anatomical structures to achieve precise preoperative diagnosis. During surgery, the technology can real-time display the relationship between soft tissue tumors and the surrounding important anatomical structures, guide surgical operation, and enhance the safety of surgery.

Objective To analyze the relationships between pulmonary ground-glass nodules(GGN)and bronchi and blood vessels and their diagnostic values for infiltrative lesions based on high-resolution computed tomography(HRCT)target scanning technology.Methods Patients with GGN detected by HRCT target scanning and complete pathological results were retrospectively selected as the research subjects.The relationships between GGN and bronchi and blood vessels in patients with different pathological types were analyzed,and the relationships for detecting infiltrative lesions were further analyzed,using pathological results as the gold standard.Results Three hundred patients were divided into 237 cases of pre-invasive lesions and 63 cases of infiltrative lesions according to pathological results.There were statistically significant differences in lesion properties and lesion morphology in patients with different types of GGN(P＜0.05).There were statistically significant differences in the relationships between GGN and bronchi and blood vessels in the pre-invasive lesions and the infiltrative lesions(P＜0.05).Based on the pathological results as the gold standard,the sensitivity of HRCT bronchial classification,vascular classification,and their combined detection of infiltrative lesions were 84.13％(53/63),95.24％(60/63),and 95.24％(60/63);specificity were 83.12％(197/237),87.34％(207/237),and 87.34％(207/237);accuracy were 83.33％(250/300),89.00％(267/300),and 89.00％(267/300).Conclusion Evaluating the classification of pulmonary GGN and bronchi and blood vessels by HRCT target scanning technology has good value in identifying infiltrative lesions.The combined diagnosis of the two signs can further improve the accuracy of detection.

Objective To investigate the application of MRI T2*-mapping in the early damage of the medial meniscus posterior root(MMPR)in asymptomatic knee osteoarthritis(OA).Methods Eighty subjects were included in this study,35 were diagnosed with knee OA(OA group)and clinically confirmed MMPR injury,35 were asymptomatic OA group with gender and age matching,and 10 were normal control group.All subjects were examined by T2*-mapping.The T2*-mapping values at the bone attachment,middle part,and 1 cm bone attachment point of MMPR were measured in each group,and the consistency of T2*-mapping values between the knee OA group and the asymptomatic OA group was verified by the Kappa test.The T2*-mapping values of each measurement area were statistically compared,and the clinical diagnosis accuracy and other indicators of the T2*-mapping parameter values were statistically analyzed.Results The Kappa value of the knee OA group and the asymptomatic OA group analyzed by T2*-mapping was 0.787(P＜0.01),Kappa statistical analysis showed that there was a good consistency between the two diagnostic results.The T2*-mapping values of the knee OA group,asymptomatic OA group,and normal control group at the bone attachment,middle part,and 1 cm bone attachment point of MMPR showed that the T2*-mapping values of each measurement area in the knee OA group and asymptomatic OA group were higher than those in the normal control group(P＜0.05).The T2*-mapping values of the knee OA group were higher than those of the asymptomatic OA group,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).While the T2*-mapping values were used in the asymptomatic OA group to diagnose the early damage of MMPR,the sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,negative predictive value,and positive predictive value were 89.6％,88.9％,91.1％,87.5％,and 88.3％respectively.Conclusion T2*-mapping value may be used as a reference index to predict the progression of knee OA,and has a certain value in the early diagnosis of asymptomatic OA MMPR injury.