Both hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis and fatty liver disease are associated with lipid metabolism disorders and are commonly comorbid with each other in clinical practice. The pathogenesis of such comorbidity involves the interaction between multiple factors such as hypertriglyceridemia， metabolic syndrome， obesity， and insulin resistance， and these factors may form a vicious cycle and jointly promote disease progression. In clinical practice， hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis is characterized by severe disease conditions， a high incidence rate of complications， a high mortality rate， and a tendency for recurrence， and it can easily lead to multi-organ damage and even multiple organ failure without timely treatment， posing a serious threat to the life of patients. Starting from the various signaling pathways associated with hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis comorbid with fatty liver disease， this article discusses the potential molecular mechanisms of synergistic pathogenesis between hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis and fatty liver disease， so as to provide a reference for the early prevention and treatment of such comorbidity.

ObjectiveTo investigate the therapeutic effect of wall-broken ganoderma lucidum spore powder （GLS） on a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma and to explore its underlying mechanism. MethodsFifty 2-week-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into a control group， a model group and low， medium and high-dose GLS groups（0.25， 0.5， 1.0 g/kg ）， with 10 mice in each group. A DEN/CCL₄ mouse hepatocellular carcinoma model was established， and GLS was administered by gavage starting from the 8th week， once a day for 14 weeks. At the end of the final administration， the number of liver nodules was observed ， and the serum alpha-fetoprotein （AFP） was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The content of catalase （CAT） in serum and liver tissue was determined by ammonium molybdate method. The content of reduced glutathione （GSH） in serum and liver tissue was measured by microplate assay. The content of glutathione peroxidase （GSH-PX） in serum and liver tissue was detected by colorimetric method. Immunohistochemistry （IHC-P） was employed to detect the protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA）. R eal-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was utilized to detect the relative expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）， Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-associated protein 1 （Keap1）， NAD（P）H quinone oxidoreductase 1 （Nqo1）， heme oxygenase-1 （Ho-1） and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit （Gclc） mRNA. ResultsCompared with the control group， the content of serum AFP were significantly higher in the model group （P<0.01）， while the contents of CAT， GSH and GSH-PX in liver and serum were significantly lower in the model group （P<0.01）. The relative expression of Keap1 and Nqo1 mRNA was significantly higher （P<0.01）， the relative expression of Nrf2， Ho-1， Gclc mRNA relative expression was significantly lower （P<0.01）， and the positive expression rate of PCNA was significantly higher （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the total number of liver nodules and content of serum AFP in the administered group were significantly lower （P<0.01）， and the contents of CAT， GSH， and GSH-PX in the liver and serum of mice significantly increased （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. The expression of Keap1 and Nqo1 mRNA significantly decreased （P<0.05）. The expression of Nrf2， Ho-1 and Gclc mRNA significantly increased （P<0.05）， and positive expression rate of PCNA significantly decreased （P<0.01）. ConclusionGLS has a significant protective effect on DEN/CCL4 -induced mouse hepatocellular carcinoma model， and the mechanism of action is related to the regulation of oxidative stress in mouse liver.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of hippocampal neuronal plasticity of newborn neurons in the hippocampus by which exercise improves the fear and anxiety symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD).Methods Totally 40 C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into by control group(Ctrl)and PTSD group,the PTSD group was divided into a no-exercise group(PTSD),a low-intensity exercise group(L)and a high-intensity exercise group(H).The PTSD model mice were constructed by combining conditioned plantar-foot shock(CF)and single-session sustained stress(SPS).After the exercise intervention,the fear and anxiety levels of the mice were assessed using the conditioned fear test and the elevated cross maze test;Subsequently,the densities of the newborn mature neurons in dentate gyrus(DG)of hippocampus were detected by immunofluorescent double-labelling staining,and the newborn neuron morphology was marked by injecting retrovirus pRetro-U6-EF1-EGFP-3xFLAG-WPRE in DG of hippocampus to observe its morphology.The morphology of the newborn neurons was labelled to observe their dendritic length and the number of branch points;Meanwhile,the concentration level of adiponctin(APN)in the hippocampal area was determined by ELISA.Results The result showed that both high and low-intensity exercise interventions significantly reduced the freezing time of PTSD mice in the conditioned fear test,and in the elevated cross maze experiment,the residence time and the number of entries in the open arm of the mice in the H group increased significantly compared with those in the PTSD group,while the residence time and the number of entries in the closed arm were significantly reduced.In addition,both high and low-intensity exercise interventions significantly increased the surface density and dendritic length of newborn mature neurons in the hippocampal DG region of PTSD mice,and high-intensity exercise significantly increased the number of dendritic branching points,and the density of newborn mature neurons in the H group was more significantly increased compared with that in the L group.At the same time,the hippocampal APN concentration increased significantly in both L and H groups compared with the PTSD group,and it was more significant in the H group.Conclusion Exercises have an ameliorative effect on anxiety and fear symptoms in PTSD mice,and at the same time,it can increase hippocampal neuroplasticity and adiponctin secretion in PTSD mice,suggesting that the improvement of fear and anxiety symptoms in PTSD by exercise may be related to the increase of hippocampal neuroplasticity and APN secretion,and the improvement effect is better with high-intensity exercise.

Objective To investigate the pharmacological mechanism through which total flavonoids extracted from Xiaobuxin-Tang(XBXT-2)affects neural network activities in the frontal cortex by focusing on the effects of XBXT-2 on the cortical field potentials in the frontal association cortex(FrA)in mice.Methods Cortical electrodes were implanted into the skull of C57BL/6J mice targeting the FrA.After a 7-day recovery period,the mice were administered XBXT-2 intragastrically at a dose of 100 mg/kg,and 1 hour later,local field potential(LFP)in the FrA were recorded for 30 minutes.Spectral analysis of the data was performed using Neuro Explorer software.Changes in the power spectral density of α,β,θ,γ,and δ frequency bands before and after drug administration were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 10.3.Phase-amplitude coupling of θ and γ oscillations was analyzed using Matlab 2021 software.Results It was found that the oral administration of XBXT-2 significantly suppressed high-frequency γ oscillations while simultaneously enhancing θ,β,α,and δ oscillations in FrA of mice compared to the control.Furthermore,XBXT-2 treatment markedly strengthened the phase-amplitude coupling between θ and γ oscillations.Conclusion XBXT-2 possibly affects emotional and cognitive functions by modulating neural network activity in FrA and enhancing θ-γ phase-amplitude coupling in mice.

Objective:To analyze the efficacy of endoscopic nasal surgery for sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) with orbital invasion, the factors affecting the prognosis of patients, and the treatment strategies for preserving the eyeball.Methods:This was a retrospective cohort study, including 60 cases of SNSCC with orbital invasion treated in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from October 2009 to October 2019. The cohort comprised 39 males and 21 females, aged 33-72 years. Orbital invasion was graded: Grade Ⅰ (destruction of the orbital bone wall), Grade Ⅱ (involvement of the periorbita/orbital fascia, extraconal fat, or medial lacrimal sac), and Grade Ⅲ (involvement of extraocular muscles, eyeball, orbital apex, or optic nerve). All cases underwent multi-disciplinary treatment (MDT), including otolaryngology, ophthalmology and oncology radiotherapy departments, and endoscopic nasal surgery. Survival curves were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method, Log-rank test and Cox risk model were used for univariate and multivariate analysis, respectively.Results:Primary tumor sites were maxillary sinus in 19 cases (31.7%, including 6 cases of pterygopalatine fossa), ethmoid sinus in 25 cases (41.7%, 5 cases with skull base bone involvement but not dura mater), nasal cavity in 11 cases (18.3%), frontal sinus in 3 cases (5.0%), and sphenoid sinus in 2 cases (3.3%). Clinical stages included stage Ⅲ in 53 (88.3%) and stage Ⅳ in 7 (11.7%). The surgical methods of orbital invasion cases were as follows: 18 cases (30.0%) of grade I underwent orbital bone wall resection with orbital fascia and orbital contents preserved; 36 cases (60.0%) in Grade Ⅱ were resected the involved orbital fascia, extra-cone fat and lacrimal sac and preserved the internal cone structure of extra-ocular muscle. Six cases (10.0%) were grade Ⅲ, of which 2 cases were subjected to selective extraocular muscle resection with preserving eyeballs, and 4 cases were subjected to orbital contents removal. The 3-year and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates of all patients were 76.7% and 63.3%, respectively, and the 5-year survival rate of the local recurrence-free group was significantly higher than that of the recurrence group (69.4% vs. 36.4%, χ2=3.91, P=0.048). The 5-year survival rates were significantly negatively correlated with the degrees of orbital invasions (83.3% for grade Ⅰ, 58.3% for grade Ⅱ and 33.3% for grade Ⅲ, ( χ2=10.49, P=0.005). The effects of T stages (66.7% in stage T3 vs. 33.3% in stage T4, χ2=7.21, P=0.007) and clinical stages (67.9% in stage III vs. 28.6% in stage IV, χ2=11.80, P=0.001) on survival rates were statistically significant. The 5-year survival rate of patients with cervical lymph node metastases was significantly lower than that of patients without metastasis (37.5% vs. 67.3%, χ2=8.32, P=0.004). The tumor-free survival rate was 56.7%. Cox multivariate analysis identified T stage [ HR=3.53 (95% CI: 1.31-9.52)] and clinical stage [ HR=35.14 (95% CI: 1.88-658.62)] as independent prognostic factors (both P<0.05). Conclusions:The outcomes of patients with orbital invasion in SNSCC are associated with T stage and clinical stage. If the muscle cone and the structures within the muscle cone are not invaded, eye-preserving surgery is feasible.

The S100 calcium-binding protein family member A16(S100A16)exhibits differential expression in various malignant tumors and plays a critical role in tumor progression,including effects on tumor cell proliferation,apoptosis,adhesion,epithelial-mesenchymal transition,migration,and invasion.Its aberrant expression is associated with adverse clinical outcomes,making it a potential prognostic biomarker.Fur-thermore,S100A16 is closely linked to the infiltration of immune cells within the tumor microenvironment,contributing to the establish-ment of an immunosuppressive state.The expression level of S100A16 in tumor-associated endothelial cells may also correlate with the formation of an inhibitory immune microenvironment.Additionally,S100A16 has been implicated in tumor chemotherapy resistance.This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which S100A16 contributes to different types of tumors,its regulatory effects on the tumor immune microenvironment,and its role in drug treatment resistance.The aim of this review is to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of tumor prevention and treatment and provide a theoretical foundation for overcoming drug resistance in can-cer therapy.

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a prevalent malignancy of the digestive tract in China;it exhibits aggressive progression that is closely associated with tumor microenvironment(TME)modulation.Tumor-associated macrophages,which are pivotal immunomodulatory com-ponents of the TME,demonstrate remarkable functional heterogeneity.Among these,secreted phosphoprotein 1-positive tumor-associated macrophages(SPP1+TAMs)represent a distinct subset with well-characterized protumorigenic properties.Evidence indicates that SPP1+TAMs exhibit a unique spatial distribution pattern in CRC tissues,with pronounced enrichment at the invasive tumor front and metastatic niches.Through the secretion of SPP1 and other effector molecules,this subset orchestrates multifaceted oncogenic processes,including tumor cell adhesion,migration,angiogenesis,and metastatic dissemination.This review systematically elucidates the spatial distribution,molecular reg-ulatory mechanisms,and clinical implications of SPP1+TAMs in CRC,thereby providing a theoretical foundation for developingnovel diagnost-ic biomarkers and targeted therapeutic strategies.

Objective:To explore the genetic basis of a patient with suspected Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA).Methods:An OCA patient presented at the West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University and his mother were selected as the study subjects. Peripheral blood samples were collected for the extraction of genomic DNA, and whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out. Candidate variants were verified through specific primer amplification, Sanger sequencing, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Bioinformatic analysis and pathogenicity rating were conducted on the candidate variants. This study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of West China Second Hospital (No. 2024-228).Results:Genetic testing revealed that the patient had harbored variants in exon 1 of the TYR gene, including a c. 157G>T (p.G53C) missense variant and a c. 609dup (p.A204fs) frameshifting variant. Specific primer amplification and Sanger sequencing, combined with agarose gel electrophoresis, confirmed that these are compound heterozygous variants. Based on the guidelines from the ACMG, the c. 157G>T was rated as likely pathogenic, and c. 609dup was rated as pathogenic. Alphafold3 predicted that the variant proteins had significant structural changes. Conclusion:The patient was diagnosed with OCA due to compound heterozygous variants of the TYR gene. Discovery of the c. 609dup variant has enriched the mutational spectrum of OCA and provided a basis for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for this patient.

OBJECTIVE: To provide the experience and demonstration for the transformation of acupuncture-moxibustion techniques standards from Chinese national standards to international standards. METHODS: Questionnaire research, literature research, semi-structured interviews and expert consultation were used. RESULTS: The safety of acupuncture-moxibustion techniques was evaluated through literature research, and based on the results of the questionnaire survey, expert interviews, and expert consultation, 11 main bodies and structure of the former Chinese national standard, Technical Benchmark of Acupuncture and Moxibustion: General Rules for Drafting, were adjusted and optimized in accordance with the requirements of international standard (including the language, normative references, purpose, scope, applicable environment, target population, work team, terms and definitions, general principles and basic requirements, structural elements and text structure, and compilation process); and the first international standard, World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societis (WFAS) Technical Benchmark of Acupuncture and Moxibustion: General Rules for Drafting was formulated to specify the general rules for drafting. CONCLUSION The 3 key questions, "international compatibility", "technical operability" and "safety" should be solved technically on the basis of explicit international requirements. It is the core technical issue during transforming the national standards of technical benchmark of acupuncture and moxibustion into international standards.
Moxibustion/methods* ; Acupuncture Therapy/methods* ; Humans ; Translational Research, Biomedical/standards* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; China ; Benchmarking/standards*

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic, idiopathic, and recurrent gastrointestinal disorder with an unclear etiology and uncertain pathogenesis. Traditional treatment strategies rely on frequent administration of high doses of medication to reduce inflammation, whereas these approaches have limitations and may induce potential complications. Therefore, finding more effective and safe therapeutic drugs and methods is particularly important. Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles(PDELNs) are nano-sized vesicles with a lipid bilayer structure that are secreted by plant cells. The bioactive molecules contained within, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, can serve as information carriers, playing a role in the transmission of information and substances between cells and across species. PDELNs can carry and transfer their own bioactive substances or act as carriers for delivering other active components or drugs. Due to the high biocompatibility, low toxicity, and significant bioactivity, PDELNs have garnered widespread attention. Compared with other exosomes, PDELNs are not destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract when taken orally and can reach the intestines. This unique property makes PDELNs a promising oral nanodrug for treating intestinal diseases, showing great potential in this area. This article reviews recent research literature on PDELNs regarding the physicochemical characteristics, extraction and purification methods, functions, application characteristics and mechanisms in the treatment of intestinal diseases, and use as a carrier for treating intestinal diseases, aiming to provide a reference for the use of PDELNs in the treatment of intestinal diseases.
Humans ; Exosomes/metabolism* ; Animals ; Intestinal Diseases/metabolism* ; Plants/metabolism* ; Drug Carriers/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Nanoparticles/chemistry*