Anhedonia is one of the core symptoms of major depressive disorder, and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The regulation of the reward process in brain regions, such as the hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, ventral tegmental brain, and prefrontal lobe, may play a role in anhedonia. This study has concluded the changes in relevant brain regions in reward anticipation, decision-making, and feedback processes. The neuroimaging mechanisms of inflammation, neurotransmitter metabolism, and gene expression on depression anhedonia symptoms were reviewed.

Alexithymia refers to a deficiency of emotional structure, but the neurologic and psychological mechanisms of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents are still unclear. The neural basis of alexithymia may play a role in adolescents′ NSSI by affecting the function of emotion regulation and emotion expression. At the same time, NSSI is also considered to be a non-adaptive emotional regulation mode for alexithymia individuals, which interacts with personality factors and psychosocial factors. This study explored the neuropsychological mechanism of alexithymia in adolescent NSSI from the perspective of emotional function, and provided theoretical basis for early identification and precise intervention of alexithymia and adolescent NSSI.

Anhedonia is one of the core symptoms of major depressive disorder, and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The regulation of the reward process in brain regions, such as the hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, ventral tegmental brain, and prefrontal lobe, may play a role in anhedonia. This study has concluded the changes in relevant brain regions in reward anticipation, decision-making, and feedback processes. The neuroimaging mechanisms of inflammation, neurotransmitter metabolism, and gene expression on depression anhedonia symptoms were reviewed.

Alexithymia refers to a deficiency of emotional structure, but the neurologic and psychological mechanisms of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents are still unclear. The neural basis of alexithymia may play a role in adolescents′ NSSI by affecting the function of emotion regulation and emotion expression. At the same time, NSSI is also considered to be a non-adaptive emotional regulation mode for alexithymia individuals, which interacts with personality factors and psychosocial factors. This study explored the neuropsychological mechanism of alexithymia in adolescent NSSI from the perspective of emotional function, and provided theoretical basis for early identification and precise intervention of alexithymia and adolescent NSSI.

Objective:To analyze the molecular epidemiological characteristics of the Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Shijiazhuang, which can reveal the origin of the outbreak and provide a scientific basis for COVID-19 prevention and control.Methods:From January 2 to January 8, 2021, a total of 404 samples from 170 COVID-19 cases were collected from the Shijiazhuang Fifth Hospital. The consensus sequence of 2019 novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) was obtained through multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based sequencing. The sequences of 170 COVID-19 cases were analyzed by the PANGOLIN, and the data were statistically analyzed by T-test.Results:Among the 404 COVID-19 samples, a total of 356 samples obtained high quality genome sequences (>95%,100×sequencing depth). The whole genome sequences of 170 COVID-19 cases were obtained by eliminating repeated samples. All 170 sequences were recognized as lineage B1.1 using PANGOLIN. The number of single nucleotide polymorphism arrange from 18-22 and most of the single nucleotide polymorphism were synonymous variants. All of 170 genomes could be classified into 48 sub-groups and most of the genomes were classified into 2 sub-groups (66 and 31, respectively).Conclusions:All cases in this study are likely originated from one imported case. The viruses have spread in the community for a long time and have mutated during the community transmission.

Objective:To investigate the effect of virtual reality (VR) attention training on cognitive function in patients with depressive episode.Methods:64 patients diagnosed as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder depressive episodes according to the DSM-5 criteria were recruited. They were randomized into virtual reality training (VRT) group ( n=23), computerized cognitive remediation therapy (CCRT) group ( n=21) and blank control group ( n=20). Prior to the intervention, seven cognitive functions were assessed with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)-B version in all patients, via information processing speed (IPS), attention/alertness (ATT), working memory, word learning, visual learning (VL), reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. VRT group and CCRT group were trained for four weeks at a frequency of five days a week, and half an hour for each day training. Blank control group did not receive any treatment related to attention training. After the training, three groups were assessed by the MCCB-A. The differences of the cognitive functions among three groups were explored by the repeated analysis of ANOVA and paired sample ttest. Results:(1) Before the intervention, there were no differences in all cognitive functions (all P>0.05) among three groups. (2) After four-week interventions, the cognition of IPS, ATT and VL in VRT group (56.74±9.68, 56.48±10.22, 57.83±4.16), CCRT group (48.90±9.77, 49.48±9.51, 55.95±5.52) and the blank control group (50.35±7.93, 47.55±7.80, 47.95±9.90) had significant groups×time interactions ( F=14.06, 12.88, 9.39, all P<0.01); simple effect analysis showed that IPS and ATT scores in VRT group were higher than both CCRT group and the blank control group (all P<0.05), while the VL scores in VRT group and CCRT group were both higher than the blank control group (all P<0.01).(3) Cognitive functions in VRT group significantly improved in IPS, ATT, VL and overall domains compared with the baseline ( t=-9.33, -6.00, -5.13, -6.26, all P<0.01). Conclusion:VR attention training may be more beneficial than CCRT attention training to improve the attention among depressive patients.

Objective:To investigate the character and prevalence of cognitive impairment of patients with bipolar Ⅱ depression (BD-Ⅱ).Methods:124 patients diagnosed as bipolar Ⅱ depression according to the DSM-5 criteria and 124 demographically matched healthy subjects were recruited. Seven cognitive functions were assessed with the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery(MCCB) in all participants, including speed of processing (SOP), attention vigilance (AV), working memory (WM), verbal learning (VER), visual learning (VIS), reasoning problem solving (RPS), and social cognition (SC), and the composite. Analysis of covariance was used to test the differences in cognitive function. The number and percentage of cognitive domains impairment which was defined as the cognitive domains scored below standard values by 1, 1.5 and 2 standard deviation (SD) were explored.Results:(1) BD-Ⅱ patients were significantly impaired on seven MCCB domains and the composite scores compared with HC (all P<0.01). Correlation analysis showed that the scores of VER, RPS negatively correlated to the number of episodes ( r=-0.212, P=0.018; r=-0.183, P=0.042); (2) Most healthy control participants were not impaired on any 2 cognitive domains at 1.5 SD (79.84%,99/124) and 2 SD (92.74%,115/124) cut-offs, with the 2.42%-6.45% cognitive impairment at the 1.5 SD cut-off, and 0-4.84% at the 2 SD cut-off accordingly. (3) At the 1.5 SD cut-off, 33.06%,41/124 of the BD-Ⅱ patients were cognitively impaired in two or more domains, while at the 2.0 SD cut-off, 14.52%,18/124 of patients were cognitively impaired. Meanwhile, the incidence of impairment in various cognitive domains was 9.68%-24.19% and 3.23%-15.32%, of which the incidence rate of visual learning impairment was 12.90%, and the incidence rate of impairment in working memory and social cognition was 24.19%. Conclusions:Participants with BD-Ⅱ depression were generally impaired on a greater number of cognitive domains with a higher percentage than the healthy controls, especially on the cognitive domains of working memory, visual learning, and social cognition. And the domains of verbal learning and reasoning problem solving were negatively correlated with the number of episodes.

Objective:To investigate the effect of virtual reality (VR) attention training on cognitive function in patients with depressive episode.Methods:64 patients diagnosed as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder depressive episodes according to the DSM-5 criteria were recruited. They were randomized into virtual reality training (VRT) group ( n=23), computerized cognitive remediation therapy (CCRT) group ( n=21) and blank control group ( n=20). Prior to the intervention, seven cognitive functions were assessed with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)-B version in all patients, via information processing speed (IPS), attention/alertness (ATT), working memory, word learning, visual learning (VL), reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. VRT group and CCRT group were trained for four weeks at a frequency of five days a week, and half an hour for each day training. Blank control group did not receive any treatment related to attention training. After the training, three groups were assessed by the MCCB-A. The differences of the cognitive functions among three groups were explored by the repeated analysis of ANOVA and paired sample ttest. Results:(1) Before the intervention, there were no differences in all cognitive functions (all P>0.05) among three groups. (2) After four-week interventions, the cognition of IPS, ATT and VL in VRT group (56.74±9.68, 56.48±10.22, 57.83±4.16), CCRT group (48.90±9.77, 49.48±9.51, 55.95±5.52) and the blank control group (50.35±7.93, 47.55±7.80, 47.95±9.90) had significant groups×time interactions ( F=14.06, 12.88, 9.39, all P<0.01); simple effect analysis showed that IPS and ATT scores in VRT group were higher than both CCRT group and the blank control group (all P<0.05), while the VL scores in VRT group and CCRT group were both higher than the blank control group (all P<0.01).(3) Cognitive functions in VRT group significantly improved in IPS, ATT, VL and overall domains compared with the baseline ( t=-9.33, -6.00, -5.13, -6.26, all P<0.01). Conclusion:VR attention training may be more beneficial than CCRT attention training to improve the attention among depressive patients.

Objective:To investigate the character and prevalence of cognitive impairment of patients with bipolar Ⅱ depression (BD-Ⅱ).Methods:124 patients diagnosed as bipolar Ⅱ depression according to the DSM-5 criteria and 124 demographically matched healthy subjects were recruited. Seven cognitive functions were assessed with the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery(MCCB) in all participants, including speed of processing (SOP), attention vigilance (AV), working memory (WM), verbal learning (VER), visual learning (VIS), reasoning problem solving (RPS), and social cognition (SC), and the composite. Analysis of covariance was used to test the differences in cognitive function. The number and percentage of cognitive domains impairment which was defined as the cognitive domains scored below standard values by 1, 1.5 and 2 standard deviation (SD) were explored.Results:(1) BD-Ⅱ patients were significantly impaired on seven MCCB domains and the composite scores compared with HC (all P<0.01). Correlation analysis showed that the scores of VER, RPS negatively correlated to the number of episodes ( r=-0.212, P=0.018; r=-0.183, P=0.042); (2) Most healthy control participants were not impaired on any 2 cognitive domains at 1.5 SD (79.84%,99/124) and 2 SD (92.74%,115/124) cut-offs, with the 2.42%-6.45% cognitive impairment at the 1.5 SD cut-off, and 0-4.84% at the 2 SD cut-off accordingly. (3) At the 1.5 SD cut-off, 33.06%,41/124 of the BD-Ⅱ patients were cognitively impaired in two or more domains, while at the 2.0 SD cut-off, 14.52%,18/124 of patients were cognitively impaired. Meanwhile, the incidence of impairment in various cognitive domains was 9.68%-24.19% and 3.23%-15.32%, of which the incidence rate of visual learning impairment was 12.90%, and the incidence rate of impairment in working memory and social cognition was 24.19%. Conclusions:Participants with BD-Ⅱ depression were generally impaired on a greater number of cognitive domains with a higher percentage than the healthy controls, especially on the cognitive domains of working memory, visual learning, and social cognition. And the domains of verbal learning and reasoning problem solving were negatively correlated with the number of episodes.

Objective: Preliminary study on the clinical effect of preoperative ultrasound endoscopy combined with staining labeling technique to locate the actual boundary of esophageal and gastric cancer Methods: From September 1, 2015 to October 30, 2017, 18 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma were enrolled in this study. The actual boundaries of esophageal and gastric-derived adenocarcinoma lesions were localized by endoscopic ultrasonography and staining. There were 10 males and 8 females. After completing the preoperative examination, 1-2 days before operation, endoscopic ultrasonography was used to locate the edge of the lesion. Two point injection of carbon nano suspension was used to mark the location of 1cm at the longest distance from the longitudinal axis of the tumor. According to the length of longitudinal axial staining, the thoracotomy was performed. Intraoperative proximal margin resection was used to send frozen pathology. According to the results of freezing, the operation was decided. After the operation, the specimens from the margin of the tumor were segmented into paraffin section, which was about 0.5cm in each segment, and the tumor cells were observed under the electron microscope at all levels of the paraffin sections. Results: The average time of preoperative endoscopic ultrasonography staining was(10.16±1.38) min, and the diameter of nano carbon diffusion was(1.43±0.41)cm. All patients in the operation could clearly see the nano carbon staining area under the naked eye. In the field, the average time of locating lesions was(1.27±0.53)min. 5 patients underwent thoracoabdominal surgery and 13 underwent abdominal surgery. The average length of the cut margin of the tumor was(4.74±1.12)cm, and the frozen pathology of the incision margin was negative, and no additional operation was performed. The routine pathology confirmed that all the specimens were negative. Conclusion The staining and labeling technique for adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction under endoscopic ultrasonography can detect the tumor edge and the scope of invasion accurately. It provides guidance and guarantee for the smooth implementation of AEG precision surgery. It is a safe, rapid and effective positioning technique.