Sesquiterpenes are natural terpenes containing 15 carbon atoms. They are widely used in the perfume, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries due to their remarkable biological activities. The traditional production of sesquiterpenes relies on chemical synthesis or plant extraction, which has the disadvantages of low yields and waste of resources. The construction of microbial cell factories for the efficient synthesis of sesquiterpenes by means of synthetic biology provides a new option. In recent years, with the development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, the heterologous synthesis of a variety of sesquiterpenes has been successfully achieved by metabolic engineering of the oleaginous yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica. In this paper, we review the research progress in the heterologous synthesis of different sesquiterpenes by Y. lipolytica, discuss the synthetic biology strategies commonly used in this field, and make an outlook on the research directions and engineering approaches to further enhance the sesquiterpene yield in this host. This paper provides a reference for strategies such as synergistic optimization of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, enhanced precursors, and opens up new directions for the application of synthetic biology in green chemistry and sustainable production.
Yarrowia/genetics* ; Sesquiterpenes/metabolism* ; Metabolic Engineering/methods* ; Synthetic Biology/methods*

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor （IMT） is a rare mesenchymal soft tissue tumor characterized by borderline or low-grade malignancy. It is rare childhood tumor with an average age of onset of 10 years old. It is even rarer in infants and toddlers, and the etiology and pathogenesis of this tumor are still unclear. The clinical presentation of IMT is non-specific and are related to the location of the tumor. When the tumor compresses adjacent organs, it can cause pain and functional impairment. According to the current literature, IMT is most commonly found in the digestive and respiratory systems, but also occasionally occur in the genitourinary system, head and neck, and limbs. At present, there have been no reports of nasopharyngeal IMT involving nasal cavity of infants and toddlers at home and abroad.This article reports a case of a massive inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor involving the nasal cavity and nasopharynx in an infant. Plasma-assisted minimally invasive surgery was performed through multiple surgical approaches and achieved satisfactory therapeutic results. This case report may provide valuable reference for the treatment of similar diseases.
Humans ; Infant ; Granuloma, Plasma Cell/pathology* ; Nasopharynx/pathology* ; Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue ; Soft Tissue Neoplasms

Objective:To investigate the safety and efficacy of the modified transcutaneous endoscopic spine system (TESSYS) with full visual foramen plasty and percutaneous endoscopic discectomy (PTED) in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation and lumbar spinal stenosis.Methods:A case-control study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 68 patients with single segment lumbar disc herniation and lumbar spinal stenosis treated with visual endoscopic foraminal plasty and modified TESSYS technique and intervertebral foraminal fusion from April 2020 to March 2021. According to the operation method, 38 cases were divided into two groups: pted group (38 cases) and TLIF group (30 cases). Independent sample t-test was used to compare the incision length, bleeding volume, operation time, time to go down and hospital stay between the two groups. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores and Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores were measured repeatedly. The differences between preoperative and postoperative 7 days and 1, 3, 6 months were analyzed and compared by generalized estimation equation. Rank sum test was performed in combination with the modified MacNab standard in the last follow-up. The excellent and good rate was compared between groups χ 2. Test and evaluate the curative effect. Results:The postoperative follow-up was 8.5-14.0 months. The incision length (1.25±0.33) cm, operation time (119.45±14.95), blood loss (24.03±8.62) mL, downtime time (1.42±0.50) d, and hospital stay (3.39±0.55) d in the PTED group were all higher than those in the TLIF group ((14.37±2.91) cm, (140.53±16.16) min, (158.00±51.35) mL, (3.20±0.96) d, (7.33±0.55) d) had obvious advantages ( t values were 24.56, 5.57, 14.13, 9.20, and 29.48, respectively; all P<0.001). The VAS scores and ODI scores of the two groups after operation were significantly improved compared with those before operation (all P<0.001), and with the passage of time, the VAS scores and ODI scores of the two groups of patients from 7 days to 6 months after operation by month were significantly decreased ( P<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in VAS score from 1 week to 6 months after operation: P7d=0.997, P1 month=0.139, P3 month=0.057, P6 month=0.539, all P>0.05. There was no significant difference in ODI scores between time points (ODI: P7d=0.278, P1 month=0.442, P3 month=0.963, P6 month=0.278, all P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of clinical efficacy and excellent and good rate evaluated by modified MacNab criteria at the last follow-up ( Z=0.09, P=0.927; χ 2=0.92, P=0.761). Conclusion:The short-term curative effect of full visual endoscopic foraminal plasty and modified TESSYS technique in the treatment of single level lumbar disc herniation and lumbar spinal stenosis is close to that of classical foraminal interbody fusion, and has certain advantages.