Primary biliary cholangitis(PBC)is an autoimmune liver disease often observed in middle-aged women.The early clinical symptoms of PBC are not obvious,and it can progress to liver cirrhosis and lead to various complications.Ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA)is the most effective drug for the treatment of PBC,but about 40%of the patients are still insensitive to UDCA,which can lead to slow progression of the disease.Accurate assessment of disease conditions and patient prognosis can help to optimize treatment regimens.This article reviews the research advances in prognostic models for PBC,in order to provide a reference for clinical treatment.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the management status of small pressure steam sterilizers in dental institu-tions across seven major regions of China and provide references for establishing standardized monitoring and eval-uation protocols for sterilization efficacy.METHODS From Aug.to Nov.2023,a convenience sampling method was employed to select 885 dental institutions of various levels from seven geographical regions.An online survey using a self-designed questionnaire was conducted to assess the management status of small pressure steam steri-lizers in dental institutions.RESULTS A total of 885 questionnaires were distributed,with 770 valid responses col-lected,covering 770 dental institutions at all levels.The survey involved 2 056 small pressure steam sterilizers,of which 43.14％were pre-vacuum type and 89.40％were benchtop models.Tertiary dental institutions had the high-est proportion of imported small pressure steam sterilizers(60.15％),with most devices in use for 5-10 years(36.88％).Secondary and low er-level institutions predominantly used domestically produced small pressure steam sterilizers(74.60％),which used for 3-5 years accounting for the highest proportion(34.29％).While 85.58％of dental institutions employed dedicated sterilization personnel,only 45.84％performed proper maintenance for small pressure steam sterilizers.Training rates were 80.00％for department of stomatology in ungraded general hospitals and primary medical institutions,76.19％in prejob and 71.43％during the work for department of sto-matology in primary clinics,respectively.CONCLUSIONS Although most dental institutions demonstrate sound policy formulation,challenges persist in equipment maintenance,policy implementation and grassroots training.Future efforts should be made on strengthening maintenance and inspection of equipment,enhancing sys-tem supervisory mechanisms,and optimizing training systems to ensure dental treatment safety.

Primary biliary cholangitis(PBC)is an autoimmune liver disease often observed in middle-aged women.The early clinical symptoms of PBC are not obvious,and it can progress to liver cirrhosis and lead to various complications.Ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA)is the most effective drug for the treatment of PBC,but about 40%of the patients are still insensitive to UDCA,which can lead to slow progression of the disease.Accurate assessment of disease conditions and patient prognosis can help to optimize treatment regimens.This article reviews the research advances in prognostic models for PBC,in order to provide a reference for clinical treatment.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the management status of small pressure steam sterilizers in dental institu-tions across seven major regions of China and provide references for establishing standardized monitoring and eval-uation protocols for sterilization efficacy.METHODS From Aug.to Nov.2023,a convenience sampling method was employed to select 885 dental institutions of various levels from seven geographical regions.An online survey using a self-designed questionnaire was conducted to assess the management status of small pressure steam steri-lizers in dental institutions.RESULTS A total of 885 questionnaires were distributed,with 770 valid responses col-lected,covering 770 dental institutions at all levels.The survey involved 2 056 small pressure steam sterilizers,of which 43.14％were pre-vacuum type and 89.40％were benchtop models.Tertiary dental institutions had the high-est proportion of imported small pressure steam sterilizers(60.15％),with most devices in use for 5-10 years(36.88％).Secondary and low er-level institutions predominantly used domestically produced small pressure steam sterilizers(74.60％),which used for 3-5 years accounting for the highest proportion(34.29％).While 85.58％of dental institutions employed dedicated sterilization personnel,only 45.84％performed proper maintenance for small pressure steam sterilizers.Training rates were 80.00％for department of stomatology in ungraded general hospitals and primary medical institutions,76.19％in prejob and 71.43％during the work for department of sto-matology in primary clinics,respectively.CONCLUSIONS Although most dental institutions demonstrate sound policy formulation,challenges persist in equipment maintenance,policy implementation and grassroots training.Future efforts should be made on strengthening maintenance and inspection of equipment,enhancing sys-tem supervisory mechanisms,and optimizing training systems to ensure dental treatment safety.

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of acetic acid indigocarmine mixture(AIM)sandwich staining combined with flexile spectral imaging color enhancement(FICE)technology for colonoscopic Pit pattern classification for colorectal lesions.Methods 100 patients with colorectal lesions from June 2022 to October 2023 were selected as the research subjects,and 222 lesions;Patients were examined using conventional endoscopy,FICE,AIM sandwich staining+FICE,and the detection status and pathological type of Pit pattern classification were recorded.Calculate the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value(PPV),negative predictive value(NPV),and accuracy of Pit pattern classification diagnosis under different modes.Kappa was used to evaluate the consistency between Pit pattern classification and pathological examination under different modes.Evaluate diagnostic effectiveness using receiver operator characteristic curve(ROC curve).Results Compared with ordinary endoscopy(74.32％),FICE technology(92.34％)and AIM staining+FICE(97.30％)detected more lesions that matched the pathological results through Pit pattern classification,and AIM sandwich staining+FICE detected more than FICE,the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Compared with ordinary endoscopy,the diagnostic accuracy of FICE and AIM staining+FICE for colorectal carcinoma lesions were higher,and AIM sandwich staining+FICE higher than FICE,the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Compared with ordinary endoscopy,the diagnostic accuracy of FICE and AIM sandwich staining+FICE for early colorectal cancer were higher,the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)predicted by ordinary endoscopy,FICE and AIM sandwich staining+FICE for colorectal carcinoma lesions were 0.815(95％CI:0.711～0.859),0.881(95％CI:0.752～0.904),and 0.933(95％CI:0.793～0.961),respectively;The AUC predicted by ordinary endoscopy,FICE and AIM sandwich staining+FICE for early colorectal cancer were 0.850(95％CI:0.720～0.866),0.938(95％CI:0.764～0.951),and 0.947(95％CI:0.803～0.972),respectively.For predicting colorectal carcinoma lesions and early colorectal cancer,the Youden index of AIM staining+FICE technology was the highest,with values of 0.955 and 0.968,respectively.Conclusion Under AIM sandwich staining+FICE,Pit pattern classification can detect more carcinoma lesions and early colorectal cancer,with high diagnostic accuracy and effective improvement of endoscopic diagnosis and treatment quality.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

The S100 protein family is a key component of damage-associated molecular patterns(DAMP), which play a vital role in regulating inflammation in the body's innate immune response. S100A8/S100A9 proteins play a wide range of antibacterial and anti-infective functions in many diseases, and promote the occurrence and development of the body's immune and inflammatory responses. In various retinal degenerative diseases, S100A8/S100A9 proteins are significantly upregulated at the transcription and translation stages, promoting the activation of inflammatory factors in ocular tissues, the activation and recruitment of immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, and the occurrence and development of ocular inflammation. This review aimsat explaining the biological functions of S100A8/S100A9 proteins and their roles and possible mechanisms in retinal degenerative diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and ischemic retinopathy.

Objective:To investigate the surgical method of preoperative computed tomography angiography(CTA) combined with color Doppler ultrasonography(CDU) vascular localization assisted by downstream vascularized medial femoral condylar bone flap and its clinical effect in the treatment of refractory scaphoid fracture nonunion.Methods:Retrospective analysis of case data from January 2018 to June 2022 in the Department of Orthopedics at Xingtai General Hospital of North China Medical and Health Group, using a free medial femoral condylar bone flap with descending knee artery as the blood supply to repair old fractures of the scaphoid bone with bone damage. Prior to surgery, CTA combined with CDU technology was used to locate the descending knee artery, and the medial femoral condylar bone flap was designed based on the localization result and bone defects. Follow-up was conducted using outpatient and telephone method. The degree of wrist pain was evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS), wrist function was evaluated using the improved Mayo scoring method, the degree of scaphoid arch back deformity was evaluated based on the angle of the scaphoid bone, and stability between the carpal bones was evaluated based on the angle of the scaphoid moon. The normal distribution metric data was represented as Mean±SD, and paired sample t-tests were used to compare the preoperative CDU measurement and the actual intraoperative measurement of the vessel diameter at the origin of the descending knee artery, as well as the distance to the inferior edge of the medial femoral condyle. The VAS score for pain before and after surgery, the Mayo score for wrist function, wrist grip strength, range of motion, scaphoid angle, and scaphoid angle are also compared. Results:A total of 12 patients were enrolled, including 9 males and 3 females; age ranged from 23 to 56 years old, with an average of 36 years old. There were 7 cases of right side fractures, 5 cases of left side fractures, 8 cases of scaphoid waist fractures, and 4 cases of proximal pole fractures. There was no difference between the preoperative CDU location and the actual vessel diameter at the origin of the descending geniculate artery [(1.7±0.5) mm vs. (1.8±0.7) mm] and the distance to the inferior border of the medial femoral condyle [(11.9±2.1) cm vs. (12.1±1.9) cm]( P>0.05). All patients were followed up after the operation, the specific time ranged from 6 months to 2 years, with an average of 13 months. The X-ray films showed that the scaphoid bone healed in all patients after operation, and the average healing time was 15 weeks. After 6 months of follow-up, the VAS scores (3.7±0.9 vs. 0.5±0.1), Mayo scores (46.1±3.8 vs. 86.2±6.1), scapholunar angle [(65.3±4.1)° vs. (47.9±3.5)°], scaphoid angle [(37.1±3.9)° vs. (22.8±2.3)°], wrist flexion and extension range of motion [(79.0±11.7)° vs. (118.5±15.8)°], grip strength [(6.7±4.6) kg vs. (26.1±5.3) kg]were compared before and after surgery, the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion:The free medial femoral condyle bone flap with a vascular pedicle is one of the ideal method to repair the old navicular fracture with osteonecrosis. The preoperative vascular positioning technique effectively guides the design and cutting of the bone flap and ensures fast and accurate operation during the operation.

Objective:To investigate the surgical method of preoperative computed tomography angiography(CTA) combined with color Doppler ultrasonography(CDU) vascular localization assisted by downstream vascularized medial femoral condylar bone flap and its clinical effect in the treatment of refractory scaphoid fracture nonunion.Methods:Retrospective analysis of case data from January 2018 to June 2022 in the Department of Orthopedics at Xingtai General Hospital of North China Medical and Health Group, using a free medial femoral condylar bone flap with descending knee artery as the blood supply to repair old fractures of the scaphoid bone with bone damage. Prior to surgery, CTA combined with CDU technology was used to locate the descending knee artery, and the medial femoral condylar bone flap was designed based on the localization result and bone defects. Follow-up was conducted using outpatient and telephone method. The degree of wrist pain was evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS), wrist function was evaluated using the improved Mayo scoring method, the degree of scaphoid arch back deformity was evaluated based on the angle of the scaphoid bone, and stability between the carpal bones was evaluated based on the angle of the scaphoid moon. The normal distribution metric data was represented as Mean±SD, and paired sample t-tests were used to compare the preoperative CDU measurement and the actual intraoperative measurement of the vessel diameter at the origin of the descending knee artery, as well as the distance to the inferior edge of the medial femoral condyle. The VAS score for pain before and after surgery, the Mayo score for wrist function, wrist grip strength, range of motion, scaphoid angle, and scaphoid angle are also compared. Results:A total of 12 patients were enrolled, including 9 males and 3 females; age ranged from 23 to 56 years old, with an average of 36 years old. There were 7 cases of right side fractures, 5 cases of left side fractures, 8 cases of scaphoid waist fractures, and 4 cases of proximal pole fractures. There was no difference between the preoperative CDU location and the actual vessel diameter at the origin of the descending geniculate artery [(1.7±0.5) mm vs. (1.8±0.7) mm] and the distance to the inferior border of the medial femoral condyle [(11.9±2.1) cm vs. (12.1±1.9) cm]( P>0.05). All patients were followed up after the operation, the specific time ranged from 6 months to 2 years, with an average of 13 months. The X-ray films showed that the scaphoid bone healed in all patients after operation, and the average healing time was 15 weeks. After 6 months of follow-up, the VAS scores (3.7±0.9 vs. 0.5±0.1), Mayo scores (46.1±3.8 vs. 86.2±6.1), scapholunar angle [(65.3±4.1)° vs. (47.9±3.5)°], scaphoid angle [(37.1±3.9)° vs. (22.8±2.3)°], wrist flexion and extension range of motion [(79.0±11.7)° vs. (118.5±15.8)°], grip strength [(6.7±4.6) kg vs. (26.1±5.3) kg]were compared before and after surgery, the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion:The free medial femoral condyle bone flap with a vascular pedicle is one of the ideal method to repair the old navicular fracture with osteonecrosis. The preoperative vascular positioning technique effectively guides the design and cutting of the bone flap and ensures fast and accurate operation during the operation.

MiRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs,which regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by partial complementary base pairing.Aberrant miRNA expressions have been reported in tumor tissues and peripheral blood of cancer patients.In recent years,artificial intelligence algorithms such as machine learning and deep learning have been widely used in bioinformatic research.Compared to traditional bioinformatic tools,miRNA target prediction tools based on artificial intelligence algorithms have higher accuracy,and can successfully predict subcellular localization and redistribution of miRNAs to deepen our understanding.Additionally,the construction of clinical models based on artificial intelligence algorithms could significantly improve the mining efficiency of miRNA used as biomarkers.In this article,we summarize recent development of bioinformatic miRNA tools based on artificial intelligence algorithms,focusing on the potential of machine learning and deep learning in cancer-related miRNA research.