Parkinson's disease （PD） is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by motor dysfunction. Traditionally， its main clinical features include resting tremor， muscular rigidity， bradykinesia， and postural balance disorders. However， an increasing number of studies have shown that its non-motor symptoms （NMS） exert an even greater impact on patients' quality of life than motor symptoms， severely affecting daily functioning and increasing the burden on families and society. Among these， depression is one of the most common and most debilitating NMS， with statistics indicating that the incidence of depression among PD patients reaches as high as 40%-50%. The pathological mechanisms are complex， involving the interplay between degenerative changes in dopaminergic neurons and disruptions in emotional regulatory circuits， which poses a substantial challenge to clinical treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， characterized by holistic regulation and multi-target intervention， has demonstrated significant advantages in the treatment of PD and depression， offering new insights for managing PD-depression comorbidity. This study integrates research extracted from multiple databases， including PubMed， Web of Science， Google Scholar， and China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， that investigates the potential mechanisms of PD and depression as well as TCM-based treatments for these conditions. The aim is to elucidate the shared pathological mechanisms underlying PD and depression and to explore the therapeutic potential of TCM in effectively combating PD-depression comorbidity through these shared mechanisms， thereby providing valuable insights for the development of targeted therapies.

This article systematically elucidates the current development status and future trends of robot-assisted surgery worldwide. Currently, robotic surgery led by the Da Vinci Surgical System has been widely adopted across multiple disciplines, including thoracic surgery, urology, and gynecology, demonstrating advantages such as precision, stability, and minimal invasiveness. Significant regional disparities exist in the global distribution of robotic surgery, reflecting inequalities in healthcare resources and economic development worldwide. China is rapidly emerging in the field of robotic surgery, undergoing a strategic transition from technology adoption to independent innovation: domestically developed systems (e.g., Toumai, Surgibot) have demonstrated safety and efficacy in multidisciplinary clinical practice; leveraging the advantages of 5G technology, remote robotic surgery has progressed from proof-of-concept to clinical reality, offering innovative solutions for equitable healthcare resource allocation; meanwhile, a quality control system spanning from national strategic planning to clinical operational standards is under development. Confronted with core challenges such as high costs, technical barriers (e.g., lack of force feedback), steep learning curves, lagging regulatory and ethical frameworks, and uneven regional development, future robotic surgery will deeply integrate artificial intelligence, evolving toward single-port/flexible miniaturization, normalization of remote surgery, and personalized precision treatment. Ultimately, it will drive the transformation of surgical medicine toward a new paradigm characterized by greater precision, intelligence, and accessibility, and is expected to play a strategic role in public health emergencies and disaster relief operations.

With the development of wearable technology, its use in venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention is of increasing interest to clinical nurses. This paper reviews the technical principles and practical applications of wearable devices in VTE prevention, including the application of electrical stimulation devices and mechanical compression devices, the monitoring of limb activity and physiological parameters, summarizes the advantages of wearable devices in enhancing the efficiency of VTE prevention and patient experience, and discusses the current problems faced and the direction of future research, with the aim of promoting the development of wearable devices in VTE prevention.

[Objective] To explore the diagnosis and treatment experience of tension hydrocele. [Methods] The clinical data of 2 patients with tension hydrocele treated in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed.Relevant literature was retrieved to analyze the clinical characteristics of this disease. [Results] Case 1 was diagnosed due to swelling and pain of the left scrotum after trauma for more than one month, which worsened for one day.Physical examination showed high tension in the left scrotum and positive light transmission test.Ultrasound examination revealed that the blood flow signal in the left testis disappeared.Emergency left scrotal exploration and hydrocelectomy were performed.There was no sign of testis torsion during the operation.Case 2 was diagnosed mainly due to hydrocele of the right testis for 1 year, which worsened for 1 week and complicated with testis distension and pain.Physical examination showed high tension in the right scrotum and positive light transmission test.Ultrasound examination revealed that the blood flow signal in the right testis decreased.After 40ml of fluid was extracted under ultrasound monitoring, the blood flow signal in the right testis recovered.Hydrocelectomy was performed the next day.During the follow-up of 8 months, there was no recurrence of hydrocele.A search of domestic and foreign literature showed that there were no reports in domestic literature, while a total of 11 cases were reported in foreign literature. [Conclusion] Tension hydrocele of the testis is a rare emergency of the scrotum.Surgery or decompression should be performed as soon as possible to restore testicular blood supply, and hydrocelectomy should be performed simultaneously or in stages to prevent recurrence.

IL-2 is a multifunctional cytokine whose main functions include activating and maintaining T cell survival.Re-search has shown that the level and function of IL-2 in peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)have sig-nificantly decreased,and are associated with the activity of SLE disease.In recent years,the decrease in IL-2 level has been found to play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of SLE,and is one of the important mechanisms for T cell homeostasis imba-lance and immune regulation disorders in SLE patients.The low-dose IL-2 treatment regimen for SLE based on this discovery has en-tered clinical application.However,there is still considerable controversy regarding the mechanism of decreased IL-2 level and sup-pressed functions in SLE patients.Clarifying this mechanism is of great significance for further clarifying the occurrence and develop-ment mechanism of SLE and developing new treatment regimens.

Objective To investigate how culture duration affects the expression of immune membrane proteins in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and their exosomes (DEXs). Methods Human monocytes were induced with recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) to differentiate into DCs and were subsequently matured with tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α). Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and DEXs were identified by transmission electron microscopy and Amnis imaging flow cytometry, which were also used to quantify the expression of immune membrane proteins on DCs and DEXs. Results On the 10th day of culture, DCs displayed high surface expression of CD11c, CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), and MHC-II. Expression peaked at day 18(CD11c: 78.66%±20.33%, CD80: 76.41%±10.02%, CD86: 96.43%±0.43%, MHC-I: 84.71%±2.96%, MHC-II: 80.01%±7.03%). After day 24, the overall expression showed a declining trend, with statistically significant differences observed for all markers except CD80 and MHC-II. By day 30, 80% of the DCs still expressed CD80, CD86, and MHC-II. The expression of immune membrane proteins on DEX surfaces also reached its peak on day 18, followed by an overall decline with prolonged culture time, with statistically significant differences observed for all markers except CD80. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between the expression levels of immune membrane proteins on DC and DEX surfaces (CD11c: r=0.98; CD80: r=0.65; CD86: r=0.82; MHC-I: r=0.86; MHC-II: r=0.93). Conclusion Human monocyte-derived DCs in vitro express high expression of immune membrane proteins and maintain stable expression over a specific period. The exosomes secreted by these cells similarly demonstrate high surface expression of immune membrane proteins, with temporal trends aligned with those of the parent DCs.
Humans ; Dendritic Cells/immunology* ; Exosomes/immunology* ; Monocytes/metabolism* ; Cells, Cultured ; Time Factors ; B7-1 Antigen/metabolism* ; Membrane Proteins/immunology* ; Cell Culture Techniques/methods* ; B7-2 Antigen/metabolism* ; Cell Differentiation ; CD11c Antigen/metabolism* ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology*

Objective:To study the effect of anti-melanoma differentiation-related gene 5(MDA5) antibody positive dermatomyositis on the heart of patients.Methods:A total of 71 patients with dermatomyositis diagnosed in Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2019 were enrolled as the sample group, including anti-MDA5 (+) group( n=28); anti-MDA5(-) groups( n=43). Electrocardiogram and echocardiography were performed in the sample group and the control group. The electrocardiogram, echocardiography and other relevant clinical data of the anti-MDA5 (+) group, anti-MDA5 (-) group and the healthy control group were retrospectively analyzed. The logistic regression analysis model was used to analyze the related factors influencing cardiac involvement in anti-MDA5 (+) patients. Results:In the anti-MDA5 (+) group, more than half of the patients showed elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase (21/28, 75%) and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (16/28, 57%), and 11%(3/28) showed elevated levels of creatine kinase isoenzyme and myoglobin. Compared with the anti-MDA5 (-) group, the white blood cell count in the blood routine of the anti-MDA5 (+) group [5.2 (4.0, 6.5) ×10 9/L vs. 7.8 (5.6, 10.6)×10 9/L, Z=-3.447, P=0.001], creatine kinase [62.5 (29.3, 108.3) U/L vs. 481.0 (179.0, 2 738.0) U/L, Z=-5.895, P<0.001], lactate dehydrogenase [313.0 (239.0, 362.0) U/L vs. 448.0 (291.0, 542.0) U/L, Z=-3.236, P<0.001], creatine kinase isoenzyme [1.9 (1.1, 3.9)ng/ml vs. 17.7 (4.0, 67.2) ng/ml, Z=-4.724, P<0.001], myoglobin [28.2 (20.0, 43.0) ng/ml vs. 307.4 (48.1, 612.2) ng/ml, Z=-4.800, P<0.001]. Electrocardiogram analysis showed that QRS axis [33.5±265.9 vs. 46.9±22.4, t=-2.900, P=0.004], SV1 amplitude [0.7 (0.4, 0.9) vs. 0.9 (0.7, 1.0), Z=-2.148, P=0.023] in anti-MDA5 antibody (+) group in anti-MDA5 antibody (+) group were lower than anti-MDA5 antibody (-) group. QRS duration [84.0 (78.0, 96.5) vs.92.0 (87.8, 100.5), Z=-2.900, P=0.004], QRS axis [33.5±265.9 vs. 46.9±20.4, Z=-2.32, P=0.023] in the anti-MDA5 antibody (+) group were lower than those in healthy control group. Echocardiographic analysis showed that the E peak of anti-MDA5 (+) group [63.0 (52.5, 69.5)] was significantly lower than that of anti-MDA5 (-) group [85.0 (68.0, 108.0), Z=-4.926, P<0.001)]and healthy control group [67.0 (62.8, 80.3), Z=-2.897, P=0.004]. The peak A of anti-MDA5 (+) group [65.5 (56.5, 80.0)] was significantly lower than that of anti-MDA5 (-) group [76.0 (65.0, 90.0), Z=-2.631, P=0.011], but higher than that of healthy control group [55.0(51.0, 66.5), Z=-4.550, P<0.001]. There was no significant difference in echocardiographic findi-ngs among the other groups. All patients with anti-MDA5 (+) dermatomyositis had interstitial lung disease (28/28, 100%). Patients with MDA5 antibody (+++) are more likely to have cardiac involvement than patients with MDA5 antibody (++). Conclusion:The results of relevant examinations in anti-MDA5-DM patients suggest that there is damage to myocardial cells and cardiac function.

IL-2 is a multifunctional cytokine whose main functions include activating and maintaining T cell survival.Re-search has shown that the level and function of IL-2 in peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)have sig-nificantly decreased,and are associated with the activity of SLE disease.In recent years,the decrease in IL-2 level has been found to play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of SLE,and is one of the important mechanisms for T cell homeostasis imba-lance and immune regulation disorders in SLE patients.The low-dose IL-2 treatment regimen for SLE based on this discovery has en-tered clinical application.However,there is still considerable controversy regarding the mechanism of decreased IL-2 level and sup-pressed functions in SLE patients.Clarifying this mechanism is of great significance for further clarifying the occurrence and develop-ment mechanism of SLE and developing new treatment regimens.

Objective:To analyze and identify the expression profiles of oxidative stress-related genes and circular RNAs(circRNAs)in ricin toxin(RT)-induced pyroptosis of mouse mononuclear macrophages(RAW264.7)using transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics technology,and to preliminarily analyze their potential functions.Methods:The macrophages(RAW264.7 cells)were treated with RT to establish a cell pyroptosis model and divided into control group,40 μg·L-1 RT group,and 80 ng/mL RT group.Transmission electron microscope(TEM)was used to observe the morphology of the RAW264.7 cells in various groups;Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of the pyroptosis pathway-related proteins in the cells in various groups;80 μg·L-1 RT was selected for subsequent experiments.Transcriptome sequencing(RNA-Seq)was performed to obtain the circRNA and mRNA expression profiles in the RAW264.7 cells in control group and RT-treated group,followed by bioinformatics analysis.Results:Compared with control group,the cells in 40 and 80 μg·L-1 RT groups underwent morphological changes;the cells in RT groups showed obvious pyroptosis-like morphological changes,characterized by significant swelling of dying cells and the appearance of characteristic large bubbles on the plasma membrane.Compared with control group,the expression level of gasdermin DN-terminal fragment(GSDMD-N)protein in 40 and 80 μg·L-1 RT groups was increased(P<0.05);compared with 40 μg·L-1 RT group,the expression level of GSDMD-N protein in the cells in 80 μg·L-1 RT group was increased(P<0.05);therefore,the subsequent experiments used the RT concentration of 80 μg·L-1.A total of 2930 differentially expressed messenger RNAs(mRNAs)and 24 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified.The constructed circRNA-microRNA(miRNA)-mRNA competing endogenous RNA(ceRNA)regulatory network consisted of 7 circRNAs,12 miRNAs and 13 mRNAs.Gene Ontology(GO)functional enrichment analysis showed that in biological process(BP),the functions regulated by differentially expressed genes mainly included immune response and oxidative stress response;in cellular component(CC),differentially expressed genes were mainly localized to the external side of plasma membrane and cell leading edge;in molecular function(MF),they were mainly involved in transporter transmembrane activity and hormone receptor binding.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in Toll-like receptor signaling pathway,Forkhead box O(FoxO)signaling pathway and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells(NF-κB)signaling pathway.In the protein-protein interaction(PPI)network,the top 10 hub genes with the highest connectivity were screened by CytoHubba,including matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP9),superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2),and v-src sarcoma viral oncogene homolog(Src).Conclusion:The expression profiles of oxidative stress-related genes and circRNAs in RAW264.7 cells are altered after RT treatment.The screened differentially expressed circRNAs and mRNAs may serve as potential targets to regulate RT-induced pyroptosis in RAW264.7 cells through oxidative stress pathways.

Objective:To summarized the clinical characteristics and surgical management of anterior cervical enterogenic in pediatric patients. Methods:Clinical data were retrospectively analyzed for 9 children with pathologically confirmed anterior cervical enterogenic cysts（including bronchogenic and esophagogenic subtypes） treated at the Children's Hospital of Shandong University（Jinan Children's Hospital） between January 1, 2020, and November 30, 2023. Results:Nine patients（6 males and 3 females） were involved in this study, aged 14 days to 10 years old. There were 4 cases on the left side, 4 on the right side, and 1 in the middle of the neck. All patients presented with neck masses. The patients were followed up from 3 months to 35 months after surgery and recovered well, with no recurrence or complications observed. Conclusion:①Anterior intestinal cysts in children are rare and easy to be misdiagnosed. ②Concurrent branchial cleft fistulas or associated anomalies may coexist, necessitating comprehensive evaluation. ③Preoperative diagnosis is not easy and mainly depends on pathological diagnosis. ④The treatment of anterior cervical enterogenic cysts in children is surgical resection of the lesion.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Retrospective Studies ; Child, Preschool ; Infant ; Neck ; Cysts/surgery*