Objective: To explore the association of outdoor activity time and sleep duration with screening myopia in primary school students, so as to provide strategies for myopia prevention. Methods: Through a convenience sampling method, a survey was conducted among 4 248 primary school students aged 7-13 years from three primary schools in Xihu District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province from May to July, 2023. The average daily outdoor activity time and sleep duration on both weekdays and weekends were investigated in primary school students by using a self designed questionnaire. Uncorrected visual acuity tests and non cycloplegic autorefraction were measured by professional optometrists. Inter group comparisons were conducted using the Chi square test. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association of outdoor activity time and sleep duration with screening myopia. Results: The detection rate of screening myopia in primary school students was 33.6%, with the rate in boys (32.0%) lower than that in girls (35.3%), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ 2=5.11, P =0.02). The analysis results of Logistic regression showed that after adjusting for factors such as gender, grade and parental education level, both average daily outdoor activity time ＜2 h on both weekdays and weekends ( OR =1.27, 95% CI =1.11-1.46) and sleep duration <10 h ( OR =1.17, 95% CI =1.01- 1.35 ), as well as their combined effect ( OR =1.57, 95% CI =1.25-1.98), were associated with an increased risk of screening myopia in primary school students(all P <0.05). Subgroup analysis results indicated that compared to boys ( OR =1.46, 95% CI = 1.07 -1.99), girls( OR =1.73, 95% CI =1.22-2.44) with insufficient outdoor activity time and sleep duration had a higher risk of screening myopia(both P <0.05). Conclusions There is a negative correlation of outdoor activity time and sleep duration with screening myopia in primary school students. Outdoor activity time and extending sleep duration should be increased to reduce the risk of myopia in primary school students.

Abstract The issue of multimorbidity in children and adolescents is becoming increasingly prominent, but there is no consensus on the definition of multimorbidity. As research deepens, issues related to the comparability and standardization of relevant findings are gradually emerging. As a solution, a systematic review of both domestic and international research on multimorbidity is conducted, and a classification system for defining the concept of multimorbidity is proposed, offering more convenient conditions for the advancement of future research and cross study exchange.

Objective: To analyze the association and dose response relationship between physical activity and inflammatory markers in college students, so as to provide a reference for promoting cardiometabolic health in college students. Methods: A cluster random sampling method was used to select 747 college students from two universities in Hefei, Anhui Province and Shangrao, Jiangxi Province from April to May 2019. Physical activity was assessed by using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), and peripheral blood was collected to detect plasma inflammatory factor levels [including hypersensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)]. The differences between the groups were compared by using the χ 2 test and the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, and the association between physical activity and inflammatory markers was analyzed by using the Generalized Linear Model. The dose response relationship between physical activity and inflammatory markers was analyzed using the Restricted Cubic Spline Model. Results: The proportions of low physical activity, moderate physical activity, and high physical activity groups of college students were 15.9%, 53.7% and 30.4%, respectively. The levels of hsCRP, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the high physical activity group were 0.38(0.21, 1.10)mg/L, 70.74(47.90, 116.43)pg/mL, 1.75(1.21, 2.64)pg/mL, 4.33(2.93, 6.82) pg/mL , 5.27(3.89, 7.30)pg/mL,the levels in the low physical activity group were 0.80(0.31, 1.30)mg/L, 73.88 (47.90, 124.24)pg/mL, 1.88(1.42, 2.81) pg/mL, 4.82 (3.64, 6.67) pg/mL, 5.63 (4.34, 7.62)pg/mL, the levels in the moderate physical activity group were 0.63(0.25, 1.30)mg/L, 89.78(58.21, 127.65)pg/mL, 2.21(1.59, 3.27)pg/mL, 5.15( 3.72 , 7.72)pg/mL, 5.87( 4.63 , 8.00)g/mL, and the differences were statistically significant ( H=10.66, 11.38, 27.79, 14.13, 9.44, P <0.05). After adjusting for variables such as gender, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption and health status, the results of Generalized Linear Model showed that compared with the high physical activity group, the low physical activity group ( OR=2.20, 95%CI = 1.46- 3.31) and the moderate physical activity group ( OR=1.65, 95%CI =1.22-2.25) were more likely to have high levels of hsCRP, and the moderate physical activity group was more likely to have high levels of IL-1β ( OR=1.85, 95%CI =1.36-2.51), IL-6 ( OR=1.44, 95%CI =1.06-1.96), and TNF-α ( OR=1.43, 95%CI =1.05-1.94) ( P <0.05). The Restricted Cubic Spline Model showed that there was no linear dose response relationship between the time of moderate to vigorous physical activity weekly and IL-10, IL-6, II-1β, and TNF-α ( P <0.05). Conclusion There is an association between physical activity and inflammation in college students, and moderate to high intensity per week could reduce inflammation levels to promote cardiometabolic health in college students.

Abstract Common diseases among students such as myopia, overweight and obesity, scoliosis, and mental health problems are prevalent, which usually exist concurrently under similar public health influencing factors. Therefore, there is a need to carry out the joint prevention of multimorbidity. The National Disease Control and Prevention Administration of China have organize the development of the Technical Guidelines for the Joint Prevention of Common Disease Multimorbidity among Students (hereafter referred to as the Guidelines). For the first time, the Guidelines clarifies the concept of multimorbidity joint prevention, specifies that the departments of centers for disease control and prevention should strengthen environmental and behavioral surveillance, proposes integrated public health interventions for multimorbidity joint prevention based on a three tiered prevention strategy, and recommends the appropriate technology of a healthy lifestyle featuring six key principles. It also advocates exploring the establishment of a six in one model (government-professional institution-community-school-family-students collaboration) for multimorbidity joint prevention, which has achieved a leap in theory and practice in the prevention and control of common diseases among students. The article focuses on the background, theoretical basis and core content of the Guidelines, in order to improve the understanding of the Guidelines by professionals in public health institutions and people concerned about students health, and to promote the application and dissemination of the Guidelines.

Objective: To analyze the association between sleep chronotype and suicidal psychological behaviors among middle school students, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of middle school students suicide. Methods: In October 2021 and November 2022, a multistage cluster sampling method was used to conduct baseline and followup surveys in Shenyang, Zhengzhou, Nanchang, and Taiyuan cities in China, and a total of 6 656 middle and high school students were included as the research subjects. The Chisquare test was used to analyze the groups differences, and generalized estimating equation was used to analyze the associations between middle school students sleep chronotype and suicide ideation, suicide plan and suicide attempt, and the grade stratification was carried out. Results: Baseline detection of suicide ideation, suicide plan, and suicide attempt were 26.3%, 12.6%, and 5.3%, respectively, with followup rates of 21.0%, 10.0%, and 4.8% for each, and varied significantly by gender, academic stress, smoking or alcohol use, and anxiety or depressive symptoms among middle school students (χ2=11.93-880.20, P<0.05). After adjusting for gender, academic stress, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, anxiety and depressive symptoms, generalized estimating equations showed that compared with the morning sleep chronotype, the OR(95%CI) for suicide ideation, suicide plan and suicide attempt were 1.61(1.36-1.89), 1.66(1.35-2.05) and 1.41(1.06-1.88) among evening chronotype students, and were higher among junior 1.78(1.39-2.27), 2.00(1.48-2.69) and senior middle school students 1.84(1.44-2.35), 1.67(1.20-2.33) (P<0.05). Conclusion There is a positive association between evening sleep chronotype and middle school students suicidal psychological behavior, and improving sleep chronotype may be one of the effective measures to prevent middle school students suicide.

Abstract: To analyze the relationship between parenting behaviors and sleep problems of preschool children, so as to provide a strategic decision support for child growth and parenting behavior improvement. Methods: Using the questionnaire data of 27 200 preschool children parents selected from 11 cities in Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces in October 2017, parents parenting behavior was assessed by Parent Behavior Inventory (PBI), and children s sleep problems were assessed by Children s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Logistic regression models. Results: The reporting rate of sleep problems among preschool children was 15.3%. After adjusting for confounding factors, maternal hostile/coercive parenting behavior scores (medium level: OR=1.38; high level: OR=1.86) and paternal hostile/coercive parenting behavior scores (medium level: OR=1.17; high level: OR=1.59) were positively correlated with sleep problems (P<0.05). Hostile/coercive parenting behaviors by their parents (maternal high level: the OR values were 1.75, 2.97, 1.86, and 2.75 respectively; paternal high level: OR values were 1.79, 1.91, 1.69, and 1.79 respectively) were positively associated with sleep problems in preschool children aged 3, 4, 5, and 6. Scores of parental support/engaged (fathers of 4yearold children medium level: OR=0.84; fathers of 5yearold children medium and high level: OR=0.84, 0.82) were negatively correlated with children aged 4 and 5 (P<0.05). High level maternal supportive/engaged and paternal hostile/coercive scores were positively associated with child sleep problems (OR=1.93); high level maternal hostile/coercive and paternal supportive/engaged scores were positively associated with child sleep problems (OR=1.93); high scores of parental hostile/coercive were positively correlated with child sleep problems (OR=2.60) (P<0.05). Conclusion Sleep problems among children are related to parenting behaviors, especially hostile/coercive parenting behaviors that increases the risk of sleep problems among children.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to develop the beverage addiction scale for college students,so as to provide an effective tool for assessing college students beverage addiction. Methods: In November 2022, a cluster sample of 8 792 college students from three colleges in Yunnan and Jiangxi were surveyed by Beverage Addication Scale for College Students. After a through literature review, 12 items were proposed, including withdrawal symptoms, health effects and addiction symptoms, with 4 items each. The ttest and correlation analysis were used to filter the items, and exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate the structural validity of the questionnaire. In May 2023, 5 279 college students from the above three universities were surveyed again to evaluate the reliability and validity of the scale and the positive demarcation value of symptoms. Results: The scale fitted into a tool for measuring symptoms of beverage dependence in a college student population. The scale was composed of 11 items in accordance with withdrawal symptoms, health effects and addiction symptoms, with a cumulative contribution rate of variance was 74.51%. Cronbach α coefficients for the overall scale and three dimensions were 0.94, 0.88, 0.90 and 0.92, respectively. The correlation coefficient between each item and the total score ranged from 0.56 to 0.79, and the correlation coefficient with the dimension ranged from 0.71 to 0.92. The confirmatory factor analysis model was well fitted, and the RMSEA, CFI, TLI and SRMR value were 0.06, 0.95, 0.93 and 0.04, respectively. The application of the scale showed that scores on the scale and each dimension ≥P85 were positive for symptoms. Conclusion The reliability and validity of Beverage Addiction Scale for College Students is good, which can be used to evaluate the beverage addiction symptom of college students.

Objective: To describe the prevalence and the association of sleep quality trajectory, social jetlag and comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression among college students, in order to provide a theoretical basis for improving the comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression in college students. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 1 135 college students from two universities in Shangrao, Jiangxi Province and Hefei, Anhui Province from April to May 2019, and were followed up once every one year for a total of three times, with a valid sample size of 1 034 individuals after matching with the baseline survey. A selfassessment questionnaire was used to investigate the social jetlag of college students, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) were used to evaluate anxiety and depression symptoms, respectively, while the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality. College students with GAD-7 score ≥5 and PHQ-9 score ≥5 were defined as having comorbid anxiety and depression symptoms. Latent class growth model (LCGM) was employed to analyze the sleep quality trajectory of college students, and binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between social jetlag, sleep quality trajectory and comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results: The detection rate of comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression among college students was 16.9%, and the detection rate of social jetlag ≥2 h was 13.8%. The sleep quality showed an overall improvement trend, and the two trajectories were good sleep quality (81.6%) and poor sleep quality (18.4%). Binary Logistic regression model showed that poor sleep quality and social jetlag ≥2 h were positively correlated with comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression (OR=5.94, 1.84, P<0.05). Conclusions Poor sleep quality and social jetlag ≥2 h in college students increase the risk of comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression. Early screening and intervention of sleep quality and reduction of social jetlag are crucial for enhancing the mental health of college students.

Abstract Dry eye is a multifactorial ocular surface disease characterized by tear film homeostasis imbalance, which usually causes eye discomfort and visual impairment. With the change of environment and lifestyle, the incidence of dry eye in children and adolescents has risen steadily. Epidemiological studies have confirmed that the incidence of dry eye is closely related to unhealthy lifestyle. Prevention should be given great priority to in avoiding lifestyle related dry eye. The review summarizes the definition, epidemiology, risk factors and preventive measures of lifestyle related dry eye, so as to provide a theoretical basis for improving the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of lifestyle related dry eye in children and adolescents.

Objective: To explore the longitudinal correlation between smartphone multitasking and depressive symptoms, so as to provide an evidence based basis for promoting the mental health of college students. Methods: A total of 967 college students were recruited from one university in Taiyuan, Chongqing, and Shenzhen cities, China, by using multi stage randomized cluster sampling from October to December 2021 at baseline, and a follow up survey was conducted in May 2022. Smartphone multitasking behaviors were assessed by means of the Assessment of Smartphone Multitasking for Adolescents (ASMA), and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) among college students. Chi square tests were performed to compare the differences in depressive symptoms between different groups of demographic characteristics, and binary Logistic regression models were employed to analyze the associations between smartphone multitasking and depressive symptoms among college students. Results: The rates of depressive symptoms among college students at baseline and follow up were 35.2% and 42.3%, respectively. Compared to the low level smartphone multitasking index group at baseline, the moderate and high level groups were more likely to experience depressive symptoms at baseline (moderate level group: OR=1.74, 95%CI =1.22-2.50, high level group: OR=2.77, 95%CI =1.94-3.95) and followup (moderate level group: OR=1.41, 95%CI =1.01-1.95, high level group: OR=1.64, 95%CI =1.17-2.29) ( P <0.05). In addition, compared to the persistently low smartphone multitasking index, increased risk of depressive symptoms was associated with maintaining a moderate to high ( OR=2.94, 95%CI =1.83-4.71), and a higher ( OR=2.07, 95%CI =1.31-3.27) or lower smartphone multitasking index ( OR=2.02, 95%CI =1.27-3.19) ( P <0.05). Moreover, higher smartphone multitasking index scores were positively associated with the risk of new-onset depressive symptoms at follow up ( OR=1.87, 95%CI=1.07-3.27, P <0.05). Conclusions Smartphone multitasking behaviors are find to be associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms in college students. There is a need to reduce smartphone multitasking in order to decrease depressive symptoms and promote students mental health.