Aerosol removal using flame-retardant atomized fixatives, as a major means of aerosol control, has achieved remarkable results in the field of nuclear facility decommissioning and decontamination. Traditional atomized fixatives for aerosol removal have deficiencies in high-temperature resistance and flame retardancy, rendering them inadequate for operational scenarios involving high temperatures and flammability encountered during nuclear decommissioning. This paper investigates the current development of flame-retardant atomized fixatives for aerosol removal both domestically and internationally and presents a preliminary exploration of this technology. The experiments showed that atomized fixatives modified with flame-retardant properties not only maintained excellent aerosol capture efficiency, but also exhibited significantly improved flame-retardant performance. This confirmed the technical feasibility of the proposed approach. Finally, suggestions and reflections are proposed for the development of this technology and its application in nuclear facility decommissioning.

Apical microsurgery is accurate and minimally invasive, produces few complications, and has a success rate of more than 90%. However, due to the lack of awareness and understanding of apical microsurgery by dental general practitioners and even endodontists, many clinical problems remain to be overcome. The consensus has gathered well-known domestic experts to hold a series of special discussions and reached the consensus. This document specifies the indications, contraindications, preoperative preparations, operational procedures, complication prevention measures, and efficacy evaluation of apical microsurgery and is applicable to dentists who perform apical microsurgery after systematic training.
Microsurgery/standards* ; Humans ; Apicoectomy ; Contraindications, Procedure ; Tooth Apex/diagnostic imaging* ; Postoperative Complications/prevention & control* ; Consensus ; Treatment Outcome

Pulpotomy, which belongs to vital pulp therapy, has become a strategy for managing pulpitis in recent decades. This minimally invasive treatment reflects the recognition of preserving healthy dental pulp and optimizing long-term patient-centered outcomes. Pulpotomy is categorized into partial pulpotomy (PP), the removal of a partial segment of the coronal pulp tissue, and full pulpotomy (FP), the removal of whole coronal pulp, which is followed by applying the biomaterials onto the remaining pulp tissue and ultimately restoring the tooth. Procedural decisions for the amount of pulp tissue removal or retention depend on the diagnostic of pulp vitality, the overall treatment plan, the patient's general health status, and pulp inflammation reassessment during operation. This statement represents the consensus of an expert committee convened by the Society of Cariology and Endodontics, Chinese Stomatological Association. It addresses the current evidence to support the application of pulpotomy as a potential alternative to root canal treatment (RCT) on mature permanent teeth with pulpitis from a biological basis, the development of capping biomaterial, and the diagnostic considerations to evidence-based medicine. This expert statement intends to provide a clinical protocol of pulpotomy, which facilitates practitioners in choosing the optimal procedure and increasing their confidence in this rapidly evolving field.
Humans ; Calcium Compounds/therapeutic use* ; Consensus ; Dental Pulp ; Dentition, Permanent ; Oxides/therapeutic use* ; Pulpitis/therapy* ; Pulpotomy/standards*

Intentional tooth replantation (ITR) is an advanced treatment modality and the procedure of last resort for preserving teeth with inaccessible endodontic or resorptive lesions. ITR is defined as the deliberate extraction of a tooth; evaluation of the root surface, endodontic manipulation, and repair; and placement of the tooth back into its original socket. Case reports, case series, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of ITR in the retention of natural teeth that are untreatable or difficult to manage with root canal treatment or endodontic microsurgery. However, variations in clinical protocols for ITR exist due to the empirical nature of the original protocols and rapid advancements in the field of oral biology and dental materials. This heterogeneity in protocols may cause confusion among dental practitioners; therefore, guidelines and considerations for ITR should be explicated. This expert consensus discusses the biological foundation of ITR, the available clinical protocols and current status of ITR in treating teeth with refractory apical periodontitis or anatomical aberration, and the main complications of this treatment, aiming to refine the clinical management of ITR in accordance with the progress of basic research and clinical studies; the findings suggest that ITR may become a more consistent evidence-based option in dental treatment.
Humans ; Tooth Replantation/methods* ; Consensus ; Periapical Periodontitis/surgery*

Objective:To investigate the clinical manifestations of medically refractory hereditary movement disorders in children and the efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS).Methods:A case series study.The clinical and follow-up data of 20 children with medically refractory hereditary movement disorders who underwent DBS treatment at the Neurology and Functional Neurosurgery Departments of Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University, from July 2018 to April 2024, were retrospectively analyzed.The severity of movement disorder symptoms and surgical effects were evaluated using the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale Movement(BFMDRS-M) or the Unified Parkinson′s Disease Rating Scale Ⅲ(UPDRS Ⅲ).Results:There were 12 males and 8 females among the 20 children, with an onset age ranging from 4 months to 12 years and 5 months.Fourteen patients had hereditary dystonia, which is related to KMT2B in 11 patients, TOR1A in 2 patients and SGCE in 1 patient.Two patients had choreoathetosis, which is related to ADCY5-related familial movement disorders.Two patients had early-onset Parkinson′s disease, which is related to ATP6AP2 in 1 patient and VPS13C in 1 patient.Two patients had neurodevelopmental disorders with involuntary movements, which is related to GNAO1 in 1 patient, and the other patient was idiopathic.All the children were given oral Levodopa, Benzhexol, Baclofen, Tiapride Hydrochloride, Clonazepam alone or in combination.Three children showed obvious dyskinesia after Levodopa treatment.The symptoms of movement disorders in all children exhibited little to no improvement.Levetiracetam and Zonisamide had unstable effects in the treatment of myoclonia.DBS surgery was performed on all the patients aged from 3 to 16 years.Electrodes were successfully inserted into bilateral globus pallidus internus in 14 cases and bilateral subthalamic nuclei in 4 cases.The target was unknown in 2 cases.No surgery-related complications were observed.The patients were followed up for 3 months to 6 years, and the last follow-up age of the patients ranged from 5 years and 7 months to 22 years and 1 month.The rate of improvement in BFMDRS-M score was 37%-100% in 16 patients and >70% in 7 patients with hereditary dystonia.The rate of improvement in UPDRS Ⅲ score was 23% in 1 patient with VPS13C-related early-onset Parkinson′s disease. Conclusions:Childhood medically refractory hereditary movement disorders are a case series that exhibits significant phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity.DBS surgery demonstrates significant efficacy for KMT2B-, TOR1A-, and SGCE-related hereditary movement disorders.

Objective:To investigate the clinical manifestations of medically refractory hereditary movement disorders in children and the efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS).Methods:A case series study.The clinical and follow-up data of 20 children with medically refractory hereditary movement disorders who underwent DBS treatment at the Neurology and Functional Neurosurgery Departments of Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University, from July 2018 to April 2024, were retrospectively analyzed.The severity of movement disorder symptoms and surgical effects were evaluated using the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale Movement(BFMDRS-M) or the Unified Parkinson′s Disease Rating Scale Ⅲ(UPDRS Ⅲ).Results:There were 12 males and 8 females among the 20 children, with an onset age ranging from 4 months to 12 years and 5 months.Fourteen patients had hereditary dystonia, which is related to KMT2B in 11 patients, TOR1A in 2 patients and SGCE in 1 patient.Two patients had choreoathetosis, which is related to ADCY5-related familial movement disorders.Two patients had early-onset Parkinson′s disease, which is related to ATP6AP2 in 1 patient and VPS13C in 1 patient.Two patients had neurodevelopmental disorders with involuntary movements, which is related to GNAO1 in 1 patient, and the other patient was idiopathic.All the children were given oral Levodopa, Benzhexol, Baclofen, Tiapride Hydrochloride, Clonazepam alone or in combination.Three children showed obvious dyskinesia after Levodopa treatment.The symptoms of movement disorders in all children exhibited little to no improvement.Levetiracetam and Zonisamide had unstable effects in the treatment of myoclonia.DBS surgery was performed on all the patients aged from 3 to 16 years.Electrodes were successfully inserted into bilateral globus pallidus internus in 14 cases and bilateral subthalamic nuclei in 4 cases.The target was unknown in 2 cases.No surgery-related complications were observed.The patients were followed up for 3 months to 6 years, and the last follow-up age of the patients ranged from 5 years and 7 months to 22 years and 1 month.The rate of improvement in BFMDRS-M score was 37%-100% in 16 patients and >70% in 7 patients with hereditary dystonia.The rate of improvement in UPDRS Ⅲ score was 23% in 1 patient with VPS13C-related early-onset Parkinson′s disease. Conclusions:Childhood medically refractory hereditary movement disorders are a case series that exhibits significant phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity.DBS surgery demonstrates significant efficacy for KMT2B-, TOR1A-, and SGCE-related hereditary movement disorders.

Objective:To investigate the current status of nutritional support specialist nurses' knowledge, attitude and practice about nutrition nursing practice and analyze their influencing factors, so as to provide reference for optimizing and improving the level of nutritional support specialist nurses' knowledge, attitude and practice, and constructing a training program for nutritional support specialist nurses.Methods:From October to November 2023, 557 nutritional support specialist nurses in 28 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government of China were selected for the survey using the convenience sampling method. General information questionnaire and Nutrition Nursing Practice Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Questionnaire were used to conduct the survey. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the influencing factors of knowledge, attitude and practice.Results:A total of 557 questionnaires were distributed and 507 questionnaires were effectively recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 91.0%. The nutrition nursing practice knowledge dimension scores, attitude dimension scores, and practice dimension scores of 507 nutritional support specialist nurses were 30.00 (28.00, 31.00) , 47.00 (41.00, 50.00) , (22.65±6.77) , respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that education was an influencing factor in the knowledge dimension of nutrition nursing practice among nutritional support nurse specialists ( P<0.05) ; title, hospital level, and years of experience as a nutritional support nurse specialist were influencing factors in the attitude dimension of nutrition nursing practice ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:Nutritional support specialist nurses have a good knowledge base of nutrition nursing practice and a positive attitude, but their practices need to be further improved. Knowledge, attitude, and practice are affected by multiple factors such as education, title, hospital level, and number of years in the professional field. In the process of nurse specialist training, managers should pay attention to the learning needs of nurses at different levels, carry out targeted training, establish a standard workflow for nurse specialists, and emphasize the construction of talents in primary hospitals, so as to promote the high-quality development of nutrition support specialist nurses.

Objective:To investigate the current status of nutritional support specialist nurses' knowledge, attitude and practice about nutrition nursing practice and analyze their influencing factors, so as to provide reference for optimizing and improving the level of nutritional support specialist nurses' knowledge, attitude and practice, and constructing a training program for nutritional support specialist nurses.Methods:From October to November 2023, 557 nutritional support specialist nurses in 28 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government of China were selected for the survey using the convenience sampling method. General information questionnaire and Nutrition Nursing Practice Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Questionnaire were used to conduct the survey. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the influencing factors of knowledge, attitude and practice.Results:A total of 557 questionnaires were distributed and 507 questionnaires were effectively recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 91.0%. The nutrition nursing practice knowledge dimension scores, attitude dimension scores, and practice dimension scores of 507 nutritional support specialist nurses were 30.00 (28.00, 31.00) , 47.00 (41.00, 50.00) , (22.65±6.77) , respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that education was an influencing factor in the knowledge dimension of nutrition nursing practice among nutritional support nurse specialists ( P<0.05) ; title, hospital level, and years of experience as a nutritional support nurse specialist were influencing factors in the attitude dimension of nutrition nursing practice ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:Nutritional support specialist nurses have a good knowledge base of nutrition nursing practice and a positive attitude, but their practices need to be further improved. Knowledge, attitude, and practice are affected by multiple factors such as education, title, hospital level, and number of years in the professional field. In the process of nurse specialist training, managers should pay attention to the learning needs of nurses at different levels, carry out targeted training, establish a standard workflow for nurse specialists, and emphasize the construction of talents in primary hospitals, so as to promote the high-quality development of nutrition support specialist nurses.

【Objective】 To objectively evaluate the quality control level of blood testing process in blood banks through quantitative monitoring and trend analysis, and to promote the homogenization level and standardized management of blood testing laboratories in blood banks. 【Methods】 A quality monitoring indicator system covering the whole process of blood collection and supply, including blood donation service, blood component preparation, blood testing, blood supply and quality control was established. The questionnaire Quality Monitoring Indicators for Blood Collection and Supply Process with clear definition of indicators and calculation formulas was distributed to 17 blood banks in Shandong province. Quality monitoring indicators of each blood bank from January to December 2022 were collected, and 31 indicators in terms of blood testing were analyzed using SPSS25.0 software. 【Results】 The proportion of unqualified serological tests in 17 blood bank laboratories was 55.84% for ALT, 13.63% for HBsAg, 5.08% for anti HCV, 5.62% for anti HIV, 18.18% for anti TP, and 1.65% for other factors (mainly sample quality). The detection unqualified rate and median were (1.23±0.57)% and 1.11%, respectively. The ALT unqualified rate and median were (0.74±0.53)% and 0.60%, respectively. The detection unqualified rate was positively correlated with ALT unqualified rate (r=0.974, P<0.05). The unqualified rate of HBsAg, anti HCV, anti HIV and anti TP was (0.15±0.09)%, (0.05±0.04)%, (0.06±0.03)% and (0.20±0.05)% respectively. The average unqualified rate, average hemolysis rate, average insufficient volume rate and the abnormal hematocrit rate of samples in 17 blood bank laboratories was 0.21‰, 0.08‰, 0.01‰ and 0.02‰ respectively. There were differences in the retest concordance rates of four HBsAg, anti HCV and anti HIV reagents, and three anti TP reagents among 17 blood bank laboratories (P<0.05). The usage rate of ELISA reagents was (114.56±3.30)%, the outage rate of ELISA was (10.23±7.05) ‰, and the out of range rate of ELISA was (0.90±1.17) ‰. There was no correlation between the out of range rate, outrage rate and usage rate (all P>0.05), while the outrage rate was positively correlated with the usage rate (r=0.592, P<0.05). A total of 443 HBV DNA positive samples were detected in all blood banks, with an unqualified rate of 3.78/10 000; 15 HCV RNA positive samples were detected, with an unqualified rate of 0.13/10 000; 5 HIV RNA positive samples were detected, with an unqualified rate of 0.04/10 000. The unqualified rate of NAT was (0.72±0.04)‰, the single NAT reaction rate [(0.39±0.02)‰] was positively correlated with the single HBV DNA reaction rate [ (0.36±0.02) ‰] (r=0.886, P<0.05). There was a difference in the discriminated reactive rate by individual NAT among three blood bank laboratories (C, F, H) (P<0.05). The median resolution rate of 17 blood station laboratories by minipool test was 36.36%, the median rate of invalid batch of NAT was 0.67%, and the median rate of invalid result of NAT was 0.07‰. The consistency rate of ELISA dual reagent detection results was (99.63±0.24)%, and the median length of equipment failure was 14 days. The error rate of blood type testing in blood collection department was 0.14‰. 【Conclusion】 The quality monitoring indicator system for blood testing process in Shandong can monitor potential risks before, during and after the experiment, and has good applicability, feasibility, and effectiveness, and can facilitate the continuous improvement of laboratory quality control level. The application of blood testing quality monitoring indicators will promote the homogenization and standardization of blood quality management in Shandong, and lay the foundation for future comprehensive evaluations of blood banks.

【Objective】 To establish an effective quality monitoring indicator system for blood quality control in blood banks, in order to analyze the quality control indicators for blood collection and supply, and evaluate blood quality control process, thus promoting continuous improvement and standardizing management of blood quality control in blood banks. 【Methods】 A quality monitoring indicator system covering the whole process of blood collection and supply, including blood donation services, component preparation, blood testing, blood supply and quality control was established. The Questionnaire of Quality Monitoring Indicators for Blood Collection and Supply Process was distributed to 17 blood banks in Shandong, which clarified the definition and calculation formula of indicators. The quality monitoring indicator data from January to December 2022 in each blood bank were collected, and 20 quality control indicators data were analyzed by SPSS25.0 software. 【Results】 The average pass rate of key equipment monitoring, environment monitoring, key material monitoring, and blood testing item monitoring of 17 blood banks were 99.47%, 99.51%, 99.95% and 98.99%, respectively. Significant difference was noticed in the pass rate of environment monitoring among blood banks of varied scales(P<0.05), and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the total number of blood quality testing items and the total amount of blood component preparation was 0.645 (P<0.05). The average discarding rates of blood testing or non-blood testing were 1.14% and 3.36% respectively, showing significant difference among blood banks of varied scales (P<0.05). The average discarding rate of lipemic blood was 3.07%, which had a positive correlation with the discarding rate of non testing (r=0.981 3, P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the discarding rate of lipemic blood between blood banks with lipemic blood control measures and those without (P<0.05). The average discarding rate of abnormal color, non-standard volume, blood bag damage, hemolysis, blood protein precipitation and blood clotting were 0.20%, 0.14%, 0.06%, 0.06%, 0.02% and 0.02% respectively, showing statistically significant differences among large, medium and small blood banks(P<0.05).The average discarding rates of expired blood, other factors, confidential unit exclusion and unqualified samples were 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.003% and 0.004%, respectively. The discarding rate of blood with air bubbles was 0.015%, while that of blood with foreign body and unqualified label were 0. 【Conclusion】 The quality control indicator system of blood banks in Shandong can monitor weak points in process management, with good applicability, feasibility, and effectiveness. It is conducive to evaluate different blood banks, continuously improve the quality control level of blood collection and supply, promote the homogenization and standardization of blood quality management, and lay the foundation for comprehensive evaluation of blood banks in Shandong.