Objective To investigate the correlation between serum Visfatin, CXC chemokine 12 (CXCL12) and silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) levels and carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes mellitus ,T2DM). Methods Four hundred and ninety-five patients with T2DM in the hospital from July 2021 to June 2023 were selected as the observation group, and 50 healthy volunteers were included in the control group. The levels of serum Visfatin, CXCL12 and Sirt1 were detected, and the above levels were compared between groups. The patients in the observation group were divided into simple T2DM group and T2DM with CAS group by means of the results of carotid ultrasound examination, and the clinical data were compared. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the factors affecting the occurrence of CAS in T2DM patients. Spearman correlation analysis of serum Visfatin, CXCL12 and Sirt1 levels and severity of CAS was analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis. Results Compared with the control group, the levels of serum Visfatin and CXCL12 in the observation group were higher (t=14.524, t=11.536, all P<0.05) while the level of Sirt1 was lower (t=21.912, P<0.05). There were statistical differences in age, body mass index (BMI), FBG, HbAlc, FINS, TG, LDL-C, Visfatin, CXCL12 and Sirt1 between T2DM with CAS group and simple T2DM group (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis suggested that age (OR=2.155), FBG (OR=2.563), HbAlc (OR=2.472), FINS (OR=0.438), TG (OR=2.492), LDL-C (OR=2.445), Visfatin (OR=2.404), CXCL12 (OR=2.214) and Sirt1 (OR=0.398) were the influencing factors of CAS in patients with T2DM (P<0.05). The levels of serum Visfatin and CXCL12 were positively correlated with the severity of CAS (r=0.574, r=0.530, P<0.05), and the level of Sirt1 was negatively correlated with the severity of CAS (r=-0.621, P<0.05). Conclusion Serum Visfatin, CXCL12 and Sirt1 in T2DM patients are related to the occurrence and severity of CAS. Visfatin, CXCL12 and Sirt1 may be involved in the occurrence and development of CAS in T2DM patients.

Objective To investigate the value of adjusting antiplatelet treatment regimens guided by thromboelastography(TEG)in predicting cerebral ischemic events after stent-assisted embolization of intracranial aneurysms.Methods This study retrospectively and consecutively enrolled patients with intracranial aneurysms who underwent stent-assisted coil embolization admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery of the General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command,from March 2022 to May 2024.Baseline and clinical data of the patients,including gender,age,hypertension,diabetes,dyslipidemia,smoking history,drinking history,and intraoperative use of tirofiban were collected.Antiplatelet therapy(conventional dose aspirin[100 mg once daily]+clopidogrel[75 mg once daily])was initiated immediately after the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysm,and TEG was performed 3 days later.According to the platelet inhibition rate in TEG parameters(platelet inhibition rate induced by arachidonic acid[AA]pathway[AA inhibition rate]or adenosine diphosphate[ADP]pathway[ADP inhibition rate],AA inhibition rate ≥ 50％indicated aspirin effectiveness,AA inhibition rate＜50％indicated aspirin resistance;ADP inhibition rate ≥ 30％indicated clopidogrel effectiveness,ADP inhibition rate＜30％indicated clopidogrel resistance),the patients were divided into the control group(TEG test results met the criteria,i.e.,AA inhibition rate ≥ 50％and ADP inhibition rate ≥ 30％),the conventional dual antiplatelet therapy group(TEG test results did not meet the criteria but were not adjusted for antiplatelet therapy,i.e.,AA inhibition rate＜50％and/or ADP inhibition rate＜30％,but with complex aneurysm morphology[such as irregular shape,daughter sac formation]or high bleeding risk,continuing conventional dual antiplatelet therapy),and the intensified group(TEG test results did not meet the criteria and the antiplatelet therapy regimen was adjusted,i.e.,AA inhibition rate＜50％and/or ADP inhibition rate＜30％,adjusting the antiplatelet therapy regimen).All patients underwent stent-assisted coil embolization after TEG testing.From 0 to 3 months after the operation,all three groups maintained the above antiplatelet therapy.At 3 months after the operation,routine head MRI,CT and other examinations were performed.If no cerebral ischemic events occurred and the imaging results were satisfactory(good stent position,no aneurysm occlusion residual or slight residual at the neck[neck width of the aneurysm 2mm]),the treatment could be adjusted to single antiplatelet therapy(aspirin 100 mg once daily).If a patient experienced a cerebral ischemic event during the follow-up period,regardless of the stage after the operation,dual antiplatelet therapy(aspirin[100mg once daily]+clopidogrel[75 mg once daily])was immediately restarted or maintained and continued for at least 6 months.The primary endpoint was intraoperative and 6-months postoperative cerebral ischemic events(including DSA-confirmed intraoperative acute thrombosis and infarction foci confirmed by head CT or MRI).Baseline and clinical data of the three groups were compared.All patients were divided into groups with ischemic stroke event and without according to the primary endpoint,univariate Logistic regression analysis was then performed on both groups.Variables with P＜0.1 in the univariate Logistic regression analysis were included in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis to explore the influencing factors of cerebral ischemic events after stent-assisted coil embolization for intracranial aneurysms.Results A total of 499 patients were included,including 178 males and 321 females,with a median age of 59(53,68)years.Among them,there were 341 patients in the control group,42 in the conventional dual antiplatelet therapy group,and 116 in the intensified group.There were 47 cases of cerebral ischemic events and 452 cases without cerebral ischemic events.There was a statistically significant difference in the intraoperative use rate of tirofiban across the control group,the conventional dual antiplatelet therapy group,and the intensified group(20.2％[69/341]vs.26.2％[11/42]vs.42.2％[49/116],P＜0.01);no statistically significant differences were observed among the three groups in terms of age,gender composition,the proportion of patients with hypertension,diabetes,dyslipidemia,smoking history,drinking history,and the incidence of cerebral ischemic events(all P＞0.05).The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension(OR,2.924,95％CI 1.416-6.037,P=0.004)and intraoperative use of tirofiban(OR,3.638,95％CI 1.892-6.996,P＜0.01)were independent risk factors for intraoperative and 6-months postoperative cerebral ischemic events after stent-assisted coil embolization in patients with intracranial aneurysms.In comparison with the control group,the intensified group has reduced the risk of cerebral ischemic events(OR,0.238,95％CI 0.088-0.646,P=0.005),while there was no statistically significant difference between the conventional dual antiplatelet therapy group and the control group(OR,0.521,95％CI 0.149-1.826,P=0.308).Conclusions This study demonstrates that adjusting the antiplatelet therapy regimens in patients with intracranial aneurysms who did not meet the platelet inhibition rate based on TEG results can significantly reduce the risk of intraoperative and 6-months postoperative cerebral ischemic events.These finding may require validation through further,large-scaled,prospective studies.

Objective:To address the critical issue of missing dynamic border molding information in edentulous direct digital impression technology, this study explores innovative digital solutions and conducts preliminary application validation.Methods:Based on the myostatic line theory, a methodology was established: intraoral scanner (IOS) high-frequency video was utilized to dynamically capture functional molding data of soft tissues, integrated with a self-developed mobility gradient recognition algorithm to achieve dynamic threshold segmentation between the muscle dynamic zone and myostatic zone, termed "optical digital molding technology". Ten edentulous patients with well-fitting complete dentures, treated at the Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from January 2024 to December 2024, were enrolled. The standard deviation between the muscle static line (generated by mobility gradient algorithm with thresholds of 0.3-0.7 mm) and the denture border curve was analyzed to optimize the dynamic threshold, followed by single-case clinical validation.Results:Among the mobility thresholds of 0.3-0.7 mm, the 0.5 mm threshold yielded the smallest standard deviation between the myostatic line and denture border. Clinical validation demonstrated that dentures designed with this threshold exhibited no displacement during dynamic functional tests, with marginal sealing meeting clinical standards.Conclusions:The optical digital border molding technique for edentulous soft tissue boundaries translates the myostatic line theory into quantifiable parameters for the first time. Based on data from 10 cases, a mobility threshold of 0.5 mm is recommended for clinical application.

Objective To investigate the value of adjusting antiplatelet treatment regimens guided by thromboelastography(TEG)in predicting cerebral ischemic events after stent-assisted embolization of intracranial aneurysms.Methods This study retrospectively and consecutively enrolled patients with intracranial aneurysms who underwent stent-assisted coil embolization admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery of the General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command,from March 2022 to May 2024.Baseline and clinical data of the patients,including gender,age,hypertension,diabetes,dyslipidemia,smoking history,drinking history,and intraoperative use of tirofiban were collected.Antiplatelet therapy(conventional dose aspirin[100 mg once daily]+clopidogrel[75 mg once daily])was initiated immediately after the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysm,and TEG was performed 3 days later.According to the platelet inhibition rate in TEG parameters(platelet inhibition rate induced by arachidonic acid[AA]pathway[AA inhibition rate]or adenosine diphosphate[ADP]pathway[ADP inhibition rate],AA inhibition rate ≥ 50％indicated aspirin effectiveness,AA inhibition rate＜50％indicated aspirin resistance;ADP inhibition rate ≥ 30％indicated clopidogrel effectiveness,ADP inhibition rate＜30％indicated clopidogrel resistance),the patients were divided into the control group(TEG test results met the criteria,i.e.,AA inhibition rate ≥ 50％and ADP inhibition rate ≥ 30％),the conventional dual antiplatelet therapy group(TEG test results did not meet the criteria but were not adjusted for antiplatelet therapy,i.e.,AA inhibition rate＜50％and/or ADP inhibition rate＜30％,but with complex aneurysm morphology[such as irregular shape,daughter sac formation]or high bleeding risk,continuing conventional dual antiplatelet therapy),and the intensified group(TEG test results did not meet the criteria and the antiplatelet therapy regimen was adjusted,i.e.,AA inhibition rate＜50％and/or ADP inhibition rate＜30％,adjusting the antiplatelet therapy regimen).All patients underwent stent-assisted coil embolization after TEG testing.From 0 to 3 months after the operation,all three groups maintained the above antiplatelet therapy.At 3 months after the operation,routine head MRI,CT and other examinations were performed.If no cerebral ischemic events occurred and the imaging results were satisfactory(good stent position,no aneurysm occlusion residual or slight residual at the neck[neck width of the aneurysm 2mm]),the treatment could be adjusted to single antiplatelet therapy(aspirin 100 mg once daily).If a patient experienced a cerebral ischemic event during the follow-up period,regardless of the stage after the operation,dual antiplatelet therapy(aspirin[100mg once daily]+clopidogrel[75 mg once daily])was immediately restarted or maintained and continued for at least 6 months.The primary endpoint was intraoperative and 6-months postoperative cerebral ischemic events(including DSA-confirmed intraoperative acute thrombosis and infarction foci confirmed by head CT or MRI).Baseline and clinical data of the three groups were compared.All patients were divided into groups with ischemic stroke event and without according to the primary endpoint,univariate Logistic regression analysis was then performed on both groups.Variables with P＜0.1 in the univariate Logistic regression analysis were included in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis to explore the influencing factors of cerebral ischemic events after stent-assisted coil embolization for intracranial aneurysms.Results A total of 499 patients were included,including 178 males and 321 females,with a median age of 59(53,68)years.Among them,there were 341 patients in the control group,42 in the conventional dual antiplatelet therapy group,and 116 in the intensified group.There were 47 cases of cerebral ischemic events and 452 cases without cerebral ischemic events.There was a statistically significant difference in the intraoperative use rate of tirofiban across the control group,the conventional dual antiplatelet therapy group,and the intensified group(20.2％[69/341]vs.26.2％[11/42]vs.42.2％[49/116],P＜0.01);no statistically significant differences were observed among the three groups in terms of age,gender composition,the proportion of patients with hypertension,diabetes,dyslipidemia,smoking history,drinking history,and the incidence of cerebral ischemic events(all P＞0.05).The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension(OR,2.924,95％CI 1.416-6.037,P=0.004)and intraoperative use of tirofiban(OR,3.638,95％CI 1.892-6.996,P＜0.01)were independent risk factors for intraoperative and 6-months postoperative cerebral ischemic events after stent-assisted coil embolization in patients with intracranial aneurysms.In comparison with the control group,the intensified group has reduced the risk of cerebral ischemic events(OR,0.238,95％CI 0.088-0.646,P=0.005),while there was no statistically significant difference between the conventional dual antiplatelet therapy group and the control group(OR,0.521,95％CI 0.149-1.826,P=0.308).Conclusions This study demonstrates that adjusting the antiplatelet therapy regimens in patients with intracranial aneurysms who did not meet the platelet inhibition rate based on TEG results can significantly reduce the risk of intraoperative and 6-months postoperative cerebral ischemic events.These finding may require validation through further,large-scaled,prospective studies.

Objective:To address the critical issue of missing dynamic border molding information in edentulous direct digital impression technology, this study explores innovative digital solutions and conducts preliminary application validation.Methods:Based on the myostatic line theory, a methodology was established: intraoral scanner (IOS) high-frequency video was utilized to dynamically capture functional molding data of soft tissues, integrated with a self-developed mobility gradient recognition algorithm to achieve dynamic threshold segmentation between the muscle dynamic zone and myostatic zone, termed "optical digital molding technology". Ten edentulous patients with well-fitting complete dentures, treated at the Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from January 2024 to December 2024, were enrolled. The standard deviation between the muscle static line (generated by mobility gradient algorithm with thresholds of 0.3-0.7 mm) and the denture border curve was analyzed to optimize the dynamic threshold, followed by single-case clinical validation.Results:Among the mobility thresholds of 0.3-0.7 mm, the 0.5 mm threshold yielded the smallest standard deviation between the myostatic line and denture border. Clinical validation demonstrated that dentures designed with this threshold exhibited no displacement during dynamic functional tests, with marginal sealing meeting clinical standards.Conclusions:The optical digital border molding technique for edentulous soft tissue boundaries translates the myostatic line theory into quantifiable parameters for the first time. Based on data from 10 cases, a mobility threshold of 0.5 mm is recommended for clinical application.

Objective:To investigate the levels of β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42) and total bilirubin (TBIL) in serum of patients with Alzheimer ′s disease (AD) and the relationship between them.Methods:A case-control study was conducted to select 73 patients with AD who were hospitalized in Beijing Huilongguan Hospital from November 2023 to February 2024 as AD group, and 70 healthy controls (HC) were selected as HC group. The basic information of all subjects and the clinical information of AD patients were collected, and the levels of Aβ1-42 and TBIL were detected and compared between the two groups. The effects of Aβ1-42 and TBIL on AD were analyzed by binary logistic regression. Correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between TBIL and Aβ1-42 in AD group and HC group. According to the level of Aβ1-42 in AD patients, they were divided into Aβ1-42 elevated group and Aβ1-42 normal group. The differences of clinical data and TBIL levels between the two groups were compared. According to the quartile of TBIL in AD patients, they were divided into Q1 group, Q2 group, Q3 group and Q4 group. The correlation between TBIL and the risk of Aβ1-42 elevation was analyzed by binary logistic regression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyze the ability of TBIL level to predict the increase of Aβ1-42 in AD patients.Results:There was no significant difference in gender, marital status, education level, smoking and drinking between AD group and HC group ( P>0.05), while the levels of Aβ1-42 and TBIL and age in AD group were significantly higher than those in HC group [101.10(71.20, 128.60) pg/ml/22.40(10.00, 39.60) pg/ml , Z=-8.714, P<0.001;(11.00±3.22/8.07±3.00) μmol/L , t=5.621, P<0.001;(77.14±8.20/68.30±10.27) years, t=5.672, P<0.001]. For AD patients, the TBIL level in the Aβ1-42 elevated group was lower than that in the Aβ1-42 normal group [(10.05±2.94/11.66±3.28) μmol/L , t=-2.148, P=0.035], while there was no significant difference in other demographic and clinical data between the two groups ( P>0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that higher levels of Aβ1-42 ( OR=1.021, 95% CI：1.010-1.032) and TBIL ( OR=1.505, 95% CI：1.249-1.814), older age ( OR=1.083, 95% CI：1.020-1.150) and female ( OR=4.348, 95% CI：1.253-15.094) were risk factors for AD. Correlation analysis showed that TBIL was negatively correlated with Aβ1-42 in AD patients ( r=-0.322, P=0.006). After adjusting the relevant covariates, binary logistic regression showed that compared with AD patients in Q1 group, the risk of Aβ1-42 elevation in AD patients in Q4 group was lower ( OR=0.052, 95% CI：0.005-0.535, P<0.05), and TBIL was negatively correlated with the risk of Aβ1-42 elevation ( P trend<0.05). ROC curve showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of TBIL in predicting the increase of Aβ1-42 in AD patients was 0.642. Conclusion:The levels of Aβ1-42 and TBIL in AD patients were higher, and the level of TBIL was negatively correlated with the risk of Aβ1-42 elevation.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

Objective:To investigate the levels of β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42) and total bilirubin (TBIL) in serum of patients with Alzheimer ′s disease (AD) and the relationship between them.Methods:A case-control study was conducted to select 73 patients with AD who were hospitalized in Beijing Huilongguan Hospital from November 2023 to February 2024 as AD group, and 70 healthy controls (HC) were selected as HC group. The basic information of all subjects and the clinical information of AD patients were collected, and the levels of Aβ1-42 and TBIL were detected and compared between the two groups. The effects of Aβ1-42 and TBIL on AD were analyzed by binary logistic regression. Correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between TBIL and Aβ1-42 in AD group and HC group. According to the level of Aβ1-42 in AD patients, they were divided into Aβ1-42 elevated group and Aβ1-42 normal group. The differences of clinical data and TBIL levels between the two groups were compared. According to the quartile of TBIL in AD patients, they were divided into Q1 group, Q2 group, Q3 group and Q4 group. The correlation between TBIL and the risk of Aβ1-42 elevation was analyzed by binary logistic regression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyze the ability of TBIL level to predict the increase of Aβ1-42 in AD patients.Results:There was no significant difference in gender, marital status, education level, smoking and drinking between AD group and HC group ( P>0.05), while the levels of Aβ1-42 and TBIL and age in AD group were significantly higher than those in HC group [101.10(71.20, 128.60) pg/ml/22.40(10.00, 39.60) pg/ml , Z=-8.714, P<0.001;(11.00±3.22/8.07±3.00) μmol/L , t=5.621, P<0.001;(77.14±8.20/68.30±10.27) years, t=5.672, P<0.001]. For AD patients, the TBIL level in the Aβ1-42 elevated group was lower than that in the Aβ1-42 normal group [(10.05±2.94/11.66±3.28) μmol/L , t=-2.148, P=0.035], while there was no significant difference in other demographic and clinical data between the two groups ( P>0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that higher levels of Aβ1-42 ( OR=1.021, 95% CI：1.010-1.032) and TBIL ( OR=1.505, 95% CI：1.249-1.814), older age ( OR=1.083, 95% CI：1.020-1.150) and female ( OR=4.348, 95% CI：1.253-15.094) were risk factors for AD. Correlation analysis showed that TBIL was negatively correlated with Aβ1-42 in AD patients ( r=-0.322, P=0.006). After adjusting the relevant covariates, binary logistic regression showed that compared with AD patients in Q1 group, the risk of Aβ1-42 elevation in AD patients in Q4 group was lower ( OR=0.052, 95% CI：0.005-0.535, P<0.05), and TBIL was negatively correlated with the risk of Aβ1-42 elevation ( P trend<0.05). ROC curve showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of TBIL in predicting the increase of Aβ1-42 in AD patients was 0.642. Conclusion:The levels of Aβ1-42 and TBIL in AD patients were higher, and the level of TBIL was negatively correlated with the risk of Aβ1-42 elevation.

Objective To analyze the survival and influencing factors of patients with recurrent and de novo nephritis of the renal allograft. Methods Clinical data of 95 patients undergoing pathological puncture (biopsy) of the renal allograft were retrospectively analyzed. According to the biopsy results, all recipients were assigned into the recurrent group (n=28), de novo group(n=33) and non-nephritis group (n=34). The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival was statistically analyzed and the survival rates were calculated in three groups. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was adopted to analyze the 5-year survival. Clinical data of patients with recurrent and de novo nephritis were analyzed by univariate analysis. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to analyze the influencing factors of clinical prognosis of patients with recurrent and de novo nephritis. Results The 1-year survival rate did not significantly differ among three groups (all P > 0.05). The 3-year survival rates in the de novo group and non-nephritis group were 97% and 100%, significantly higher than 86% in the recurrent group (both P < 0.05). The 5-year survival rates in the de novo group and non-nephritis group were 82% and 91%, considerably higher than 61% in the recurrent group (both P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the survival rate of patients with recurrent renal nephritis was significantly correlated with the times of renal transplantation, cold ischemia time (≥12 h), immunosuppressive regime, recovery time of postoperative serum creatinine (Scr) (≥14 d), complications at postoperative 1 month (acute renal tubular necrosis, ultra-acute rejection and acute rejection) and type of nephritis (IgA nephropathy, focal segmental glomerular sclerosis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome) (all P < 0.05). In patients with de novo nephritis, the survival rate was significantly associated with cold ischemia time (≥12 h), immunosuppressive regime, recovery time of postoperative Scr (≥14 d) and complications at postoperative 1 month (acute renal tubular necrosis, ultra-acute rejection and acute rejection) (all P < 0.05). Conclusions The survival rate of patients with recurrent renal nephritis is lower than those in their counterparts with de novo nephritis and without nephritis. Cold ischemia time, immunosuppressive regime, recovery time of postoperative Scr and complications at postoperative 1 month are pivotal influencing factors of the clinical prognosis of patients with recurrent and de novo nephritis of the renal allograft.

[Abstract ] Objective To understand the identification and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Penicillium marneffei(PM)in yeast phase,and guide clinic antifungal application.Methods Strains isolated from blood and bone marrow of 23 patients infected with PM in a hospital between 2009 and 2016 were collected,colony morpholo-gy of PM in yeast phase was observed,susceptibility to itraconazole,voriconazole,amphotericin B,and fluconazole were detected with E-test method.Results Colony morphology of PM were as follows:direct microscopic examina-tion of Wright’s staining of tissue specimens found visible oval or round spore with apparent septum,and mainly lo-cated in macrophage;Gram staining of blood culture specimens found that strains were with bulbous and slightly curved ends,occasionally branched and with septum. PM was dimorphic fungi,presented mycelium at 28° C,pro-duced red pigment and diffused into medium;PM presented yeast form at 35° C,there were typical colony morpholo-gy. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs)of itraconazole,voriconazole,amphotericin B,and fluconazole to PM in yeast phase were 0.002-0.016,0.012-0.125,0.002-0.500,and 0.500-16.000μg/mL respectively. Conclusion Typical colony morphology and fungal spore of PM in bone marrow and peripheral blood are important features for identification. PM is most susceptible to itraconazole,followed by voriconazole and amphotericin B, while fluconazole is less susceptible.