This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

External apical root resorption is among the most common risks of orthodontic treatment, and it cannot be completely avoided and predicted. Risk factors causing orthodontic root resorption can generally be divided into patient- and treatment-related factors. Root resorption that occurs during orthodontic treatment is usually detected by radiographical examination. Mild or moderate root absorption usually does no obvious harm, but close attention is required. When severe root resorption occurs, it is generally recommended to suspend the treatment for 3 months for the cementum to be restored. To unify the risk factors of orthodontic root resorption and its clinical suggestions, we summarized the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of more than 20 authoritative experts in orthodontics and related fields in China. After discussion and summarization, this consensus was made to provide reference for orthodontic clinical practice.
Humans ; Tooth Movement Techniques/adverse effects* ; Root Resorption/etiology* ; Consensus ; Dental Cementum ; Risk Factors

Objective: This study was a retrospective analysis of the efficacy of conservative treatment of unilateral renal pelvic ureteral junction obstruction with good renal function at the time of initial diagnosis. Methods: The clinical data of 101 children with unilateral pelvic ureteral junction obstruction from January 2008 to December 2017 was analyzed retrospectively. All the patients underwent non-surgical treatment. There were 67 males and 34 females. The age range is from 10 days to 10 years old, with an average age of 3.4 years. 52 cases got left side obstruction and 49 cases got the right side obstrction. 14 children had abdominal pain symptoms. Among the 37 neonates: 21 male, 16 female. 15 were left, 22 were right. 10 cases were found during prenatal pregnancy, and 27 were dignosed postpartum. The indication for conservative treatment is no hydronephrosis-related symptoms or normal renal function at the initial diagnosis. The hydronephrosis did not affect the child's breathing, growth and development. The B-ultrasound was done every 1 to 6 months which depended on the different grades of hydronephrosis during a conservative observation period. The diuretic radionuclide imaging was done every 6 to 12 months. The end point of follow-up was surgery or disappear of the hydronephrosis in the affected side. Surgical indications are symptoms of hydronephrosis during follow-up which affecting growth and development, renal function reduction >10%, hydronephrosis SFU, UTDP grade progressive increase. Among them, 3 cases were raised from SFU2 to SFU3, 17 cases were raised from SFU3 to SFU4; 4 cases of neonatal UTDP2 progressed to grade 3 hydronephrosis and UTDP3 increased in 5 cases. Regression of hydronephrosis test three consecutive urinary renal ultrasound was defined as no hydronephrosis in. Results: Continuous follow-up ranged from 1 year to 5 years, a median follow-up is 37 months. Of the 101 patients, 41 (40.5%) required surgery, and 60 (59.5%) kept conservative follow up. 2 cases of SFU1 children with hydronephrosis spontaneously disappeared. Of the 26 SFU class 2 children, 15 (69.2%) spontaneously resolved, 7(30.7%) improved, and 4 underwent surgery. Of the 50 children with SFU grade 3 hydronephrosis, 11(22.0%) spontaneously resolved, 19 improved or remained unchanged, and 20 patients eventually underwent surgery. Of the 23 patients with SFU grade 4 hydronephrosis, 6(26.0%) improved (to SFU 2) and 17(73.9%) underwent surgery. 37 of the 101 children were enrolled in the neonatal group for SFU grading while performing UTDP grading. Twenty-seven (70.2%) of the 37 neonates underwent conservative treat ment, including 8(100.0%) UTDP grade 1 hydronephrosis, 8(66.7%) UTDP grade 2 hydronephrosis, and UTDP grade 3 10 cases (58.8%) of hydronephrosis were effective for conservative treatment. There was a statistically significant difference between the level of hydronephrosis at the time of initial diagnosis of hydronephrosis and the efficacy of conservative treatment. Conclusion Conservative treatment of unilateral ureteral pelvic and ureteral junction obstruction is safe and effective. Severe hydronephrosis is unlikely to spontaneously resolve, often accompanied by early loss of renal function, and should be followed closely by ultrasound.

Objective To evaluate the changes of soft tissue and hard tissue in the correction of Class II division 1 malocclusion by functional appliance, and to investigate the correlation between these changes and the mechanism underlying the soft tissue profile changes. Methods A total of 32 cases of developing class II division 1 malocclusion were selected. They were in the spurt or pre-spurt phase of growth and development and treated with functional appliance, the molar relationship was corrected to either Class I or overcorrected Class I occlusal relationship. Soft tissue and hard tissue variables on the cephalograms were selected and analyzed. Firstly, paired t-tests were performed to compare the changes between before and after-treatment. Secondly, those variables that had statistically significant differences were selected and analyzed with the Pearson coefficient of correlation (r) between soft tissue and hard tissue changes. Results All variables had statistically significant differences between before and after treatment except for soft tissue facial angle and basic upper lip thickness, mandible plane angle and position of basic upper bone; Correlations between soft tissue and hard tissue changes were as follows: height of lower lip to Me' and S-Go (r=0.54); soft tissue chin thick and N-ANS (r=0.55); height of upper lip and ii/OLp (r=0.52); inferior sulcus to H-line and ii/OLp (r=0.60), pg/OLp, saggital relationship between upper-and lower-jaw (ss/OLp-pg/OLp) (r=0.47). Conclusion The changes of soft tissues profile results from the change of lower incisors' position, mandible' moving forward and its subsequent changes of facial heights and saggital relationship between upper-and lower-jaws.