ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of Tangshen Dihuang decoction in treating diabetic kidney disease （DKD） with liver-kidney Yin deficiency and blood stasis syndrome and its impact on gut microbiota. MethodsA randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted， in which 102 DKD patients with liver-kidney Yin deficiency and blood stasis syndrome were randomly assigned to the Tangshen Dihuang decoction group and the control group. Each group consisted of 51 cases， and the treatment period was 3 months. The primary efficacy indicators included urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio （UACR）， fasting blood glucose （FBG）， 2-hour postprandial blood glucose （2 hPBG）， glycated hemoglobin （HbA₁C）， serum creatinine （SCr）， blood urea nitrogen （BUN）， angiotensinⅡ （AngⅡ）， serum cystatin C （Cys-C）， urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase （NAG）， urinary β₂-microglobulin （Uβ₂-MB）， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） symptom scores， and gut microbiota. ResultsAfter treatment， the total response rate in the Tangshen Dihuang decoction was 87.23% （41/47）， which was higher than that （69.57%， 32/46） in the control group （Z=4.30， P<0.05）. After treatment， the TCM symptom scores decreased in both groups （P<0.01） and were lower in the Tangshen Dihuang decoction group than in the control group （P<0.01）. After treatment， the control group showed decreases in UACR， Uβ₂-MG， AngⅡ， and FBG （P<0.05） as well as 2 hPBG and HbA₁C （P<0.01）， and no significant differences in BUN， Cys-C， eGFR， SCr， and NAG. The Tangshen Dihuang decoction group showed increased eGFR （P<0.05）， declined levels of UACR， BUN， Cys-C， Uβ₂-MB， AngⅡ， FBG， 2 hPBG， NAG， and HbA₁C （P<0.01）， and no significant difference in SCr. The Tangshen Dihuang decoction group had lower BUN （P<0.05）， Cys-C （P<0.05）， AngⅡ （P<0.05）， 2 hPBG （P<0.05）， Uβ₂-MG （P<0.01）， and NAG （P<0.01） and higher eGFR level （P<0.05） than the control group. After treatment， the control group showed declines in Shannon， Observed_species， and Chao1 indices （P<0.05）. The samples from both groups showed statistically significant differences in the principal coordinates analysis （PCoA） plot based on Anosim analysis （P<0.05）. After treatment， the Tangshen Dihuang decoction group showed decreased relative abundance of Actinobacteria （P<0.05）. Moreover， the relative abundance of Actinobacteria was significantly lower in the Tangshen Dihuang decoction group than in the control group （P<0.05）. At the genus level， the control group showed decreased relative abundance of Bifidobacterium （P<0.05）， and the Tangshen Dihuang decoction group presented increased relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Blautia_A （P<0.05）. After treatment， the Tangshen Dihuang decoction group had higher relative abundance of Bifidobacterium than the control group （P<0.01）. ConclusionTangshen Dihuang decoction has a significant therapeutic effect on DKD patients with liver-kidney Yin deficiency and blood stasis syndrome. It can markedly relieve clinical symptoms and reduce proteinuria and postprandial blood glucose by antagonizing the local renin-angiotensin system （RAS） and alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect and mechanism of transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell （hUC-MSC） with overexpression of the Numb gene in the treatment of cholestatic liver fibrosis （CLF）. MethodsThe technique of lentiviral transfection was used to induce the overexpression of the Numb gene in hUC-MSC （hUC-MSC^Numb-OE）， and hUC-MSC transfected with empty vector （hUC-MSC^OE-EV） was used as negative control. Bile duct ligation （BDL） was performed to establish a rat model of CLF， and then the rats were randomly divided into BDL group， hUC-MSC group， hUC-MSC^OE-EV group， and hUC-MSC^Numb-OE group， while a sham-operation group was also established. The rats in the intervention groups were given a single splenic injection of the corresponding cells after BDL， and samples were collected at the end of week 4. Related indicators were measured， including serum biochemistry， liver histopathology， the content of hydroxyproline （Hyp） in the liver， hepatic stellate cell activation， ductular reaction， liver regeneration， and the expression levels of key molecules in the Numb-p53 signaling axis. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups， and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. ResultsCompared with the BDL group， the hUC-MSC group and the hUC-MSC^OE-EV group had significant reductions in the levels of serum biochemical parameters （aspartate aminotransferase， gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase， total bile acid， total bilirubin， and direct bilirubin）， liver fibrosis markers （the content of Hyp and the expression levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin， tumor necrosis factor-α， and transforming growth factor-beta 1）， and ductular reaction markers （the expression levels of CK7 and CK19） （all P <0.05）， and compared with the hUC-MSC^OE-EV group， the hUC-MSC^Numb-OE group had significantly greater improvements in the above indicators （all P <0.05）. In addition， compared with the hUC-MSC^OE-EV group， the hUC-MSC^Numb-OE group had significant improvements in the expression levels of liver regeneration-related markers （albumin and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α） and the molecules associated with the Numb-p53 signaling axis （Numb， pNumb， Mdm2， and p53） （all P <0.05）. ConclusionOverexpression of the Numb gene can enhance the therapeutic effect of hUC-MSC on CLF， possibly by activating the Numb-PTB^L-p53-HNF4α axis， promoting the hepatic differentiation of hUC-MSCs and subsequently enhancing liver regeneration.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism by which Wumeiwan suppresses the development and progression of colorectal cancer（CRC） through the regulation of fatty acid metabolic reprogramming， thereby providing new experimental evidence for the prevention and treatment of CRC. MethodsA total of 120 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the blank group， model group， Wumeiwan high-， medium-， and low-dose groups（54， 27， 13.5 g·kg^-1）， and the mesalazine group（0.01 g·kg^-1）， with 20 mice in each group. Except for the blank group， all mice were subjected to azoxymethane（AOM）/dextran sulfate sodium（DSS） treatment to establish an inflammation-associated CRC model. One week after AOM injection， mice in the treatment groups received intragastric administration of the designated drugs， while the blank and model groups received an equal volume of purified water， continuing until 20 d after the intervention endpoint. Hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining was used to observe colonic histopathological alterations， and immunohistochemistry for vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF） was performed to evaluate neovascularization and tumor invasion. Metabolomics combined with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG） and metabolite set enrichment analysis（MSEA） was applied to identify key CRC-related metabolic pathways， which were further validated by transcriptomic Gene Ontology（GO） enrichment and gene heatmap analysis. Subsequently， Western blot was performed to determine the expression levels of core proteins in these pathways， and immunofluorescence was used to analyze their localization and co-expression patterns in tissues， thereby elucidating the mechanism of Wumeiwan from multiple biological dimensions. ResultsCompared with the blank group， mice in the model group exhibited a significant decrease in body weight and a significant increase in the disease activity index（DAI） score（P<0.05）， with pronounced colonic mucosal damage accompanied by aggravated tumor invasion. Compared with the model group， Wumeiwan intervention markedly improved body weight loss and reduced DAI score， attenuated mucosal injury， and significantly decreased VEGF expression level（P<0.05）. Multi-omics analysis revealed that differential metabolites and genes across groups were commonly enriched in fatty acid metabolism， fatty acid biosynthesis， and other lipid-related pathways. Relative to the blank group， the model group showed significant upregulation levels of fatty acid synthesis-related genes， including sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1（SREBP1）， fatty acid synthase（FASN）， stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1（SCD1）， as well as saturated fatty acids（P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， treatment with Wumeiwan significantly reduced the expression of key genes involved in fatty acid metabolic pathways， including SREBP1， FASN， and SCD1（P<0.05）. Western blot results further confirmed that proteins in this pathway were significantly elevated in the model group， whereas they were markedly downregulated following Wumeiwan treatment（P<0.05）. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated enhanced co-localization of SREBP1 with the cancer-associated fibroblast（CAF） marker α-smooth muscle actin（SMA） in the model group， whereas this co-localization signal was attenuated after Wumeiwan intervention（P<0.05）. ConclusionWumeiwan can improve survival outcomes and alleviate colonic pathological damage in CRC mice， its therapeutic mechanism may be closely associated with the regulation of fatty acid metabolic reprogramming mediated by the SREBP1/FASN/SCD1 signaling pathway.

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of selective internal radiation therapy （SIRT） in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma， and to provide a reference for the selection of clinical treatment regimens. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 73 patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma who received yttrium-90 microsphere SIRT in Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital from May 1， 2023 to September 1， 2024. According to tumor characteristics， physical status， liver reserve function， laboratory tests， and SIRT treatment strategy， the patients were divided into radiation segmentectomy group with 9 patients， conversion therapy group with 47 patients， and palliative treatment group with 17 patients. Based on the results of postoperative follow-up， modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors were used to assess radiographic images. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between three groups， and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between three groups； the Logistic regression model was used to perform the multivariate analysis. ResultsThere was a significant difference in postoperative outcome between the radiation segmentectomy group， the conversion therapy group， and the palliative treatment group （χ²=30.060， P<0.001）. The disease control rate was 100.0% （9/9） in the radiation segmentectomy group， 83.0% （39/47） in the conversion therapy group， and 29.4% （5/17） in the palliative treatment group， with a significant difference between the three groups （χ²=19.575， P<0.001）， and there was also a significant difference in objective response rate between the three groups （χ²=17.749， P<0.001）. The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the number of tumors （odds ratio ［OR］=0.085， 95% confidence interval ［CI］： 0.008 — 0.906， P=0.041） and combined targeted immunotherapy （OR=18.808， 95%CI： 1.704 — 207.616， P=0.017） were independent influencing factors for achieving complete response. ConclusionThe number of tumors is an independent influencing factor for the efficacy of SIRT and is an important basis for selecting different treatment goals. SIRT combined with targeted immunotherapy may achieve better efficacy.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Objective To investigate mortality risk factors and characterize pathogen distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns in intensive care unit(ICU)patients with suspected infection following surgery.Methods A total of 65 hospitals in 16 provinces in China from July 1,2021,to December 31,2022.Clinical data were collected for surgical patients transferred to the ICU with suspected infection.Data included demographics[sex,age,underlying conditions(hypertension,diabetes,cardiovascular/cerebrovascular disease,hematologic disease)],surgical site,infection site,microbiological results with susceptibility testing,drug resistance and acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ(APACHEⅡ)scores and the length of hospital stays.Patients were stratified by prognosis into death group and survial group,by drug resistance status into resistant and non-resistant groups.Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression identified risk factors for mortality and antimicrobial resistance.Draw the receiver operator characteristic curve(ROC curve)to evaluate the predictive value of each risk factor for patient prognosis and drug resistance occurrence.Results A total of 677 patients with suspected postoperative infection in the ICU were enrolled.There were 96 deaths and 591 survivors.① Analysis of risk factors affecting prognosis:univariate analysis showed that compared with the survival group,the patients in the had a higher APACHEⅡscore,the proportion of patients with previous cerebrovascular disease,surgery sites in the abdomen,chest,brain,pelvis,limbs,other areas,as well as those with pulmonary infection,bloodstream infection,urinary tract infection,Gram-positive bacterial infection(Candida),fungal infection,multi-drug resistant bacterial infection was higher,and the length of hospital stay was shorter(all P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis identified higher APACHEⅡscore[odds ratio(OR)=1.15,95%confidence interval(95%CI)was 1.11-1.20],pulmonary infection(OR=4.07,95%CI was 2.05-8.11),bloodstream infection(OR=2.61,95%CI was 1.52-4.51),and urinary tract infection(OR=2.20,95%CI was 1.01-4.42)were independent risk factors for prognosis(all P<0.05).The ROC curve analysis showed that the death risk prediction model established based on the above independent risk factors had certain predictive value for the prognosis of ICU postoperative patients with suspected infection,area under the curve(AUC)=0.820,95%CI was 0.770-0.860,P<0.05.②Regarding antimicrobial resistance:250 patients developed resistance and 427 did not.Univariate analysis showed compared with the non-resistant group,the APACHEⅡscore,the proportion of patients with cerebrovascular diseases,hematological diseases,surgeries at chest,brain,limbs,other sites,as well as those with pulmonary infection,bloodstream infection,urinary tract infection,intracranial infection,Gram-negative bacillus infection,and Gram-positive cocci infection(Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus aureus,Enterococcus faecalis),and the mortality rate in the resistant group were significantly higher,the proportion of patients with surgeries at abdominal cavity,pelvic cavity and abdominal cavity infection were significantly lower,and the length of hospital stay was significantly longer(all P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis bloodstream infection(OR=4.00,95%CI was 2.22-7.19),urinary tract infection(OR=3.25,95%CI was 1.47-7.17),Klebsiella pneumoniae infection(OR=2.23,95%CI was 11.22-44.02),Acinetobacter baumannii infection(OR=48.12,95%CI was 20.10-115.17),Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection(OR=34.06,95%CI was 13.00-89.25),Escherichia coli infection(OR=24.97,95%CI was 10.55-59.13),Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection(OR=19.04,95%CI was 3.30-109.96),and Staphylococcus aureus infection(OR=13.48,95%CI was 4.57-39.78)were independent risk factors for resistance(all P<0.01).The ROC curve analysis showed that the predictive model for drug resistance established based on the above independent risk factors had certain predictive value for drug resistance in adult patients with suspected infections after surgery in the ICU.The AUC=0.920,95%CI was 0.890-0.940,P<0.05.Conclusion Higher APACHEⅡscores and the presence of pulmonary,bloodstream,or urinary tract infections were associated with increased mortality in ICU patients with suspected postoperative infection.Patients with bloodstream or urinary tract infections,or infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae,Acinetobacter baumannii,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,Stenotrophomonas maltophilia,or Staphylococcus aureus,had significantly higher odds of developing antimicrobial resistance.

Objective Based on a complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA)-induced chronic inflammatory pain model,we compared and analyzed the differences in anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of moxibustion intervention initiated at different timepoints,aiming to identify the optimal timing for moxibustion intervention.The goal is to establish standardized intervention protocols for basic research on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of moxibustion.Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups based on the moxibustion initiation timepoints of 4,7,and 10 d after modeling.Then,the mice in each group were randomly assigned to 3 subgroups,including a control group,a model group,and a moxibustion group,with 8 mice in each subgroup.Chronic inflammatory pain was induced by injecting 20 μL of CFA into the sole of the right hind paw.Moxibustion applied at the"Zusanli"acupoint for 30 minutes started on the 4th,7th,and 10th days after modeling,and the intervention continued for 7 days.The latency of paw withdrawal to thermal radiation was measured to evaluate the pain threshold before modeling,after modeling,and on the 1st,4th,and 7th days of treatment.Foot volume was measured to assess toe swelling before modeling,after modeling,and on the 1st and 7th days of treatment.Results Compared with the control group,the model group exhibited a reduced pain threshold(P＜0.0001)and increased paw volume(P＜0.0001).Compared with the model group,the subgroups receiving moxibustion intervention initiated on the 4th,7th,and 10th days post-modeling exhibited an increased pain threshold(P＜0.05,P＜0.0001).However,the paw volume of the subgroups receiving moxibustion intervention initiated on the 4th day post-modeling increased(P＜0.0001),while those of the subgroups receiving moxibustion intervention initiated on the 7th and 10th days post-modeling decreased(P＜0.0001).Among the intervention subgroups receiving moxibustion initiated on days 4,7,and 10,the day 7 intervention-initiating subgroup showed significant increase in pain threshold(P＜0.05,P＜0.0001),and the day 7 and day 10 intervention-initiating subgroups showed significantly reduced paw volume(P＜0.0001).Conclusion Considering both the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of moxibustion,day 7 post-modeling may be the optimal time for moxibustion to achieve effective anti-inflammatory and analgesic outcomes.

Objective:To compare the safety and efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with donafenib and programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors and TACE combined with donafenib in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC).Methods:Clinical data of 148 patients with uHCC treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from December 2021 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, including 127 males and 21 females, aged (56.6±9.9) years. Patients were divided into two groups: the TACE combined with donafenib and PD-1 inhibitors group (TACE+ DP, n=73) and TACE combined with single donafenib (TACE+ D, n=75). The overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and the occurrence of treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) of the two groups of patients were observed. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used for survival assessment, and the log-rank test was used for comparison. The related factors affecting the prognosis of patients were indentified and analyzed. Results:The median PFS of patients in the TACE+ D group and the TACE+ DP group were 7.2 months (95% CI: 5.7-8.3 months) and 10.5months (95% CI: 8.9-11.3 months), respectively. The median OS was 13.2 months (95% CI: 12.3-13.7 months) and 16.9 months (95% CI: 15.1-19.8 months), respectively. All these differences were statistically significant ( χ2=17.81, 26.92, respectively, both P<0.001). The ORR and DCR of TACE+ DP group were both higher than those in TACE+ D group [53.4% (39/73) vs 36.0% (27/75), χ2=4.55, P=0.031; and 90.4% (66/73) vs 77.3% (58/75), χ2=4.66, P=0.044]. No grade 4 or above adverse events occurred in either the TACE+ DP or the TACE+ D group. The most common treatment-related adverse events in TACE+ D and TACE+ DP group were hand-foot syndrome [46.7% (35/75) vs 49.3% (36/73)], hypertension [26.7% (20/75) vs 30.1% (22/73)], fatigue [22.7% (17/75) vs 24.7% (18/73)], diarrhea [26.7% (20/75) vs 28.8% (21/73)], and thrombocytopenia [25.3% (19/75) vs 28.8% (21/73)]. There was no significant difference in the incidence and severity of TRAEs between the groups ( χ2=0.08, P=0.774). TACE+ DP treatment was a favorable prognostic factor for PFS ( HR=0.33, 95% CI: 0.22-0.49, P<0.001) and OS ( HR=0.19, 95% CI: 0.11-0.33, P<0.001) of patients. Conclusion:Compared to TACE combined with donafenib, TACE combined with donafenib and PD-1 inhibitors, with good efficacy and safety, significantly improved the treatment response and survival in patients with uHCC.

Obesity, as a chronic recurrent disease, has become a major public health challenge in China. To implement the requirements of the Healthy China Initiative (2019—2030), under domestic guidelines or consensus statements on overweight and obesity, and in alignment with the latest scientific advances globally, the Quality control protocol for adult overweight and obesity screening in health management (examination) institutions (2025 edition) was developed. This protocol was drafted by the Health Management Center of Shanghai Changzheng Hospital and formulated through multiple rounds of deliberation by experts in China’s health examination quality control field. The protocol establishes unified standards for screening facilities, personnel qualifications, and measurement or testing procedures. It defines specific screening items, outlines a standardized screening pathway, and sets requirements for the final medical review, ensuring the scientific validity, effectiveness, and safety of the screening process. The implementation of this protocol will enhance the consistency of weight management practices for adults across health examination institutions and strengthen the quality control of overweight and obesity screening programs.

ObjectiveTo compare the hepatic bile acid profile between a mouse model of metabolic-associated steatohepatitis （MASH） induced by a high-fat， high-sugar， and high-cholesterol diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of 10% carbon tetrachloride （CCl₄） and MASH cases in clinical practice， and to investigate the feasibility of this model in studying drug interventions on bile acid profile in MASH. MethodsA total of 30 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group and model group， with 15 mice in each group. The mice in the control group were given normal diet and drinking water and weekly injections of olive oil， and those in the model group were given a high-fat， high-sugar， and high-cholesterol diet， high-sugar drinking water， and weekly injections of CCl₄+olive oil. At the end of weeks 8， 12， and 16， 5 mice were selected from each group to collect samples. Behavioral assessments were performed， and body weight and liver wet weight were measured； liver pathology and lipid deposition were evaluated by HE staining， SAF scoring， oil Red O staining， the semi-quantitative analysis of stained area， the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， and liver triglyceride （TG） content； Sirius Red staining was performed for liver tissue to assess liver fibrosis； ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and targeted metabolomics were used to measure the hepatic bile acid profile， including cholic acid （CA）， glycocholic acid （GCA）， chenodeoxycholic acid （CDCA）， glycochenodeoxycholic acid （GCDCA）， ursodeoxycholic acid （UDCA）， tauroursodeoxycholic acid （TUDCA）， hyodeoxycholic acid （HDCA）， and glycodeoxycholic acid （GDCA）. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups， and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups. ResultsCompared with the control group at the same time point， the model group had disheveled and dull fur， reduced activity， and relatively slow reactions at weeks 8， 12， and 16， as well as significant increases in liver wet weight （P<0.05）， the serum level of ALT （P<0.05）， the content of TG in the liver （P<0.05）， and SAF score （P<0.05）. As for the differentially expressed bile acids in liver tissue， compared with the control group at week 8， the model group had significantly higher levels of CA and CDCA and significantly lower levels of UDCA， TUDCA， HDCA， and GDCA （all P<0.05）； compared with the control group at week 12， the model group had significantly higher levels of CA， GCA， CDCA， and GCDCA and significantly lower levels of UDCA and HDCA （all P<0.05）； compared with the control group at week 16， the model group had significantly higher levels of CA， GCA， CDCA， GCDCA， and TUDCA and significantly lower levels of UDCA， HDCA， and GDCA （all P<0.05）. As for the differentially expressed bile acids in the bile acid pool of liver tissue， compared with the control group at week 8， the model group had significantly higher levels of CA and CDCA and significantly lower levels of UDCA， TUDCA， GDCA， and HDCA （all P<0.05）； compared with the control group at weeks 12 and 16， the model group had significantly higher levels of GCA and GCDCA and significantly lower levels of UDCA， GDCA， and HDCA （all P<0.05）. ConclusionThere are significant changes in the hepatic bile acid profile in a mouse model of MASH induced by a high-fat， high-sugar， and high-cholesterol diet combined with CCl₄， which are similar to the changes in bile acids in MASH cases in clinical practice， suggesting that this model can be used to explore the interventional effect of drugs on the bile acid profile in MASH.