Objective To construct an in vitro research model for studying human liver regeneration based on human pluripotent stem cells(hPSCs)-derived hepatocyte-like organoid(HLO).Methods The hPSCs-derived HLO was obtained by inducing differentiation and the regeneration model after liver injury was constructed by adding acetaminophen(APAP)at fixed time points in HLO culture conditions to simulate acute liver injury.Subse-quently,HLO with catenin/cadherin-associated protein beta 1(CTNNB1)knockout,a key gene regulating liver re-generation,was constructed using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology,and regeneration experiments with APAP injury were performed.HLO as a model for liver regeneration studies was further evaluated by morphological observation,RT-qPCR,Western blot and pathological analysis.Results Morphology evidence as well as expres-sion of marker genes showed that hPSCs-derived HLO was able to initiate a post-injury regeneration response after APAP treatment.CTNNB1-deficient HLO showed delayed recovery in dimension and down-regulated or delayed ex-pression of related genes during post-injury regeneration as compared to control HLO.Conclusions A HLO-based hPSCs-derived human liver regeneration model is successfully constructed,which can be used for gene function studies during liver regeneration.

Objective To explore the short- and mid-term efficacy of Castor single branch aortic stent combined with subclavian artery bypass grafting for the aortic arch lesions. Methods A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of patients with proximal anchor zone insufficiency aortic arch lesions treated with Castor stent combined with subclavian artery bypass grafting at the Department of Cardiac Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School from August 2020 to November 2023 was performed. Results A total of 22 patients were included, including 19 males and 3 females, with an average age of (56±16) years. There were 18 patients of aortic dissection and 4 patients of aortic arch tumors. The success rate of surgical technique was 100.0%, and the average postoperative hospital stay for patients was (10±4) days. The median follow-up time was 20 months. During the follow-up period, there were no major complications such as endoleak, paraplegia, cerebral infarction, and renal insufficiency, and all patients had no readmissions. Conclusion For proximal anchor zone insufficiency aortic arch lesions, the treatment method of using a Castor stent branch placed in the left common carotid artery can effectively extend the anchor zone, avoid the huge trauma of open chest surgery, and achieve a good short- and mid-term efficacy.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical and prognostic differences in acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC) children under different diagnostic criteria (World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 and WHO 2022 criteria).Methods:In this retrospective cohort study, clinical characteristics and prognosis information of 260 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) children admitted to Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from August 2017 to August 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. According to WHO 2016 and WHO 2022 diagnostic criteria, patients were divided into AML-MRC group and non-AML-MRC group, the prognostic and genetic differences between two groups were compared respectively. Meanwhile, the characteristics of children with 8 MRC-related genes defined in WHO 2022 diagnostic criteria were described. Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test were used for comparison between groups. Survival curve was plotted by Kaplan-Meier method, and comparison between groups was performed by Log-Rank method. Results:Among the 260 children, there were 148 males and 112 females. The follow-up time was 26 (16, 38) months. A total of 28 children (10.8%) were diagnosed with AML-MRC according to the WHO 2016 diagnostic criteria. Compared with non-AML-MRC children, the frequency of PTPN11, RUNX11, SH2B3, MPL and STAG2 mutations was higher in AML-MRC children (25.0% (7/28) vs. 4.3% (10/232), 14.3% (4/28) vs. 3.9% (9/232), 10.7% (3/28) vs. 2.2% (5/232), 10.7% (3/28) vs. 2.2% (5/232), 10.7% (3/28) vs. 0.9% (2/232), all P<0.05). The 2-year overall survival (OS) and events free survival (EFS) rate of 28 AML-MRC children under WHO 2016 diagnostic criteria were worse than those of 232 non-AML-MRC children ((62.1±10.8)% vs. (94.5±1.6)%, χ2=22.1 ,P<0.001;(48.0±10.6)% vs. (70.9±3.2)%, χ2=6.33, P=0.012). Twenty-seven children (10.4%) were eventually diagnosed with AML-MRC according to WHO 2022 criteria, their 2-year OS rate were worse than 233 non-AML-MRC children ((60.8±11.1)% vs. (94.5±1.6)%, χ2=24.49 ,P<0.001), and there was no statistically significant difference in EFS rate between two groups at 2 years ((55.1±10.8)% vs. (70.1±3.2)%, χ2=2.44 , P=0.119). Conclusions:Compared with the 2022 WHO diagnostic criteria, the survival rates of children with AML-MRC under the 2016 WHO diagnostic criteria were worse than that of children without MRC.The new version of the AML-MRC diagnostic criteria emphasizes the importance of genes.

Purpose: The unique chromosomal rearrangements of endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) make it possible to distinguish high-grade ESS (HGESS) and low-grade ESS (LGESS) from the molecular perspective. Analysis of ESS at the genomic and transcriptomic levels can help us achieve accurate diagnosis of ESS and provide potential therapy options for ESS patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 ESS patients who conducted DNA- and/or RNA-based next-generation sequencing were retrospectively enrolled in this study. The molecular characteristics of ESS at genomic and transcriptomic levels, including mutational spectrum, fusion profiles, gene expression and pathway enrichment analysis and features about immune microenvironment were comprehensively explored. Results: TP53 and DNMT3A mutations were the most frequent mutations. The classical fusions frequently found in HGESS (ZC3H7B-BCOR and NUTM2B-YWHAE) and LGESS (JAZF1-SUZ12) were detected in our cohort. CCND1 was significantly up-regulated in HGESS, while the expression of GPER1 and PGR encoding estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) did not differ significantly between HGESS and LGESS. Actionable mutations enriched in homologous recombination repair, cell cycle, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways were detected in 60% of HGESS patients. Genes with up-regulated expression in HGESS were significantly enriched in five immune-related pathways. Most HGESS patients (85.7%) had positive predictors of immunotherapy efficacy. Moreover, immune microenvironment analysis showed that HGESS had relatively high immune infiltration. The degree of immune infiltration in HGESS patients with ZC3H7B-BCOR fusion was relatively higher than that of those with NUTM2B-YWHAE fusion. Conclusion This study investigated the molecular characteristics of ESS patients at the genomic and transcriptomic levels and revealed the potentially high sensitivity of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in a subset of HGESS with specific molecular features, providing a basis for guiding decision-making of treatment and the design of future clinical trials on precision therapy.

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair has served as the predominant treatment approach for patients with thoracic aortic diseases. In order to ensure the successful release of the stent as well as a good proximal anchoring effect, it is necessary to preserve or reconstruct the left subclavian supply as much as possible. With the advance of various endovascular assistive technologies, different left subclavian artery revascularization techniques have gained widespread acceptance. So far, techniques include carotid-subclavian bypass or transposition, chimney grafts, fenestrations, branched aortic devices can reconstruct the left subclavian artery and other branch vessels on the arch. This article reviewed the present situation of left subclavian artery reconstruction and the selection of surgical methods of thoracic endovascular aortic repair.

Objective:To investigate the short-term effects of staged hybrid abdominal aortic debranching technique in the treatment of thoracoabdominal aorta.Methods:From January 2018 to December 2018, 22 patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms underwent surgical treatment in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital. Among them, 12 underwent staged hybrid abdominal aortic debranching (AAD), and 10 underwent traditional thoracoabdominal aortic replacement (TAR). AAD consisted of two phases: the first phase of surgery was mid-opening, Y-type artificial blood vessels replaced the lower abdominal aorta and bilateral common iliac arteries, and the abdominal aortic branches were reconstructed at the same time: right branch artificial blood vessels-right renal artery-left renal artery, the left branch artificial blood vessel-superior mesenteric artery-common hepatic artery; the second phase was endovascular repair anchoring normal and long-term normal aorta or artificial blood vessel. The clinical effected of two methods for the treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms were compared and analyzed.Results:The overall mortality rate was 13.6%, and the mortality rate in the TAR group increased significantly (0 vs. 30%). The main cause was dissection (91.7% vs. 90.0%, P=0.895). Crawford classification was predominantly type Ⅱ in both groups(58.3% vs. 50.0%, P=0.082). The proportion of patients with Marfan syndrome in the TAR group was higher (30% vs. 0, P=0.046). The TAR group was significantly more drained 24 h after surgery [(355.0±199.2)ml vs. (1244.0±716.1)ml, P= 0.003]. The TAR group had a higher proportion of lung infections (40% vs. 0, P= 0.018). The average cost was higher in the AAD group [(28.4±8.3) ten thousands yuan vs. (19.3±10.4) ten thousands yuan, P= 0.033]. Conclusion:The staged hybrid abdominal aortic debranching technique can effectively treat thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Compared with traditional thoracoabdominal aortic replacement, the surgical trauma is smaller but more expensive.

Objective:To analyze the characteristics of colonoscopy in patients aged 75 and above.Methods:The clinical data of 216 elderly patients aged 75 and above undergoing colonoscopy in our hospital from August 2015 to June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. According to WHO criteria, there were 140 cases in aged group (75 to 89 years old) and 76 cases in the advanced aged group (90 years old and over). Demographic data, colonoscopy completion rate, bowel preparation quality, positive diagnosis rate and adverse events were analyzed and compared between the two groups.Results:More colonoscopies were performed under general anesthesia [7.9% (6/76) vs. 1.4% (2/140), χ 2=5.775, P<0.05] in the advanced aged group compared to the aged group, and the advanced aged group received lower doses of propofol and fentanyl when colonoscopies were administered with moderate sedation [(69.0±37.4) mg vs.(100.8±34.3)mg, t=6.302, P<0.01; (57.5±31.2) μg vs. (84.0±28.6)μg, t=6.297, P<0.01]. Colonoscopy completion was lower in the advanced aged group than that in the aged group[88.2%(67/76) vs. 99.3% (139/140), χ 2=13.815, P<0.01] and bowl preparation quality was worse [31.6%(24/76) vs. 15.0% (21/140), χ 2=8.209, P<0.05]. The proportion of adverse cardiopulmonary events [5.3%(4/76) vs. 0 (0/140), χ 2=7.507, P<0.01] and overall adverse events [9.2% (7/76) vs. 0.7% (1/140), χ 2=9.970, P<0.01] were higher in the advanced aged group than those in the elderly group. Colorectal cancer [14.5% (11/76) vs. 2.1% (3/140), χ 2=12.357, P<0.01] and advanced adenoma [27.6% (21/76) vs. 6.4% (9/140), χ 2=18.516, P<0.01] were more common in the advanced aged group than those in the aged group. Conclusion:Compared with the patients aged 75-89 years, patients aged 90 years and above have lower percentage of colonoscopy completion, lower quality of bowl preparation, and higher incidence of adverse events, and higher percentage of colorectal cancer and advanced adenomas detected.

Objective:To make a new simple respirator and observe the oxygen therapy effect of the respirator on patients with severe and critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Methods:Based on the infectivity and hospital requirements of COVID-19, a new simple respirator was designed by the medical staff of the Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, which was applied on the 22 patients with severe and critical COVID-19 who needed oxygen therapy admitted to the Cancer Center of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from February 15th to March 15th in 2020. The new simple respirator contained two National Utility Model Patents (a respirator: ZL 2015 2 0410623.6, a fluid switch and oxygen suction device: ZL 2017 2 0873509.6), which was mainly composed of anesthesia mask and filter, L-shaped connecting tube, soft breathing bladder, connecting tube and elastic fixing belt. When in use, the anesthesia mask was fixed to the patient's mouth and nose with elastic straps, the connecting tube was inserted into the oxygen meter interface, the oxygen flow was adjusted to 6-10 L/min, and the L-shaped connecting tube was opened immediately after the soft breathing bag was full. The carbon dioxide and excess oxygen in the body was discharged from exhaust port. The oxygen flow was lowered to 2-3 L/min, the patient's respiratory rate (RR) was observed through the soft breathing bag fluctuations, and the oxygen flow was adjusted at any time. The changes of pulse oxygen saturation (SpO 2), RR and heart rate (HR) before and after application of new simple respirator were observed, and the blood gas test results of part of the patients were collected. Results:Twenty-two patients with severe and critical COVID-19 had significantly higher SpO 2 at 10 minutes after application of the new simple ventilator than before application (0.994±0.007 vs. 0.952±0.017, P < 0.01), and RR was significantly lower than that before application (times/min: 27.59±3.63 vs. 29.64±3.81, P < 0.01); after 1 day of application, each index was further improved. All 13 patients who received blood gas analysis indicated no carbon dioxide accumulation. Conclusions:The new simple respirator can significantly improve the oxygen therapy effect of patients with severe and critical COVID-19. At the same time, 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) can be filtered through the filter to reduce the formation of aerosol and protect the medical staff and patients.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics, etiology, and prognosis of familial acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with germline CEBPA mutation and improve the understanding of familial leukemia.Methods:The age of onset, clinical characteristics, outcome, and prognosis of a family of patients with AML were investigated, and the family tree of the cases was displayed. Bone marrow and oral mucosal cells were collected from the proband, and peripheral blood was collected from the relatives of the proband. Gene mutation was detected by gene sequencing technology.Results:A total of 10 patients in this family were diagnosed with acute leukemia, including 4 males and 6 females, with a median age of 9 (3-48) years. Of the 10 patients, six died. Among them, 4 patients did not receive treatment, 1 patient survived 3 years after chemotherapy and died of relapse, and one patient died 2 years after receiving traditional Chinese medicine and supportive treatment. Four patients are alive. One patient has survived 15 years through chemotherapy, and three patients have survived with chemotherapy combined with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and the survival time was 6, 9, and 28 months at the end of follow-up. Gene sequencing was performed on proband and 8 relatives of the proband, and 5 were found to have the germline CEBPA TAD p.G36Afs*124 mutation. Among the 5 individuals with confirmed CEBPA mutation, 4 were diagnosed with AML, and 1 had not developed disease during follow-up.Conclusion:AML with germline CEBPA gene mutation mostly occurs in children and young adults, with complete or nearly complete penetrance. With active treatment, most of the patients have a favorable prognosis.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the Chinese Children′s Leukemia Group (CCLG) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 2008 protocol (CCLG-ALL 2008) in the treatment of children′s T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Methods: Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 84 newly diagnosed T-ALL children (63 males and 21 females) treated with CCLG-ALL 2008 protocol from April 2008 to April 2015 in the Department of Pediatric Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences were analyzed retrospectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate the overall survival (OS) and event free survival (EFS), and COX regression was used to evaluate the influencing factors of OS and EFS. Results: (1) Baseline data: 84 children were included, 56 cases (67%) of children were younger than 10 years old. Patients whose white blood cell count≥50×10⁹/L ranked 70% (59/84). Karyotype: 58% (49/84) with normal karyotype, 10% (8/84) with abnormality of chromosome 11, 8%(7/84) with abnormality of chromosome 9, 2%(2/84) with abnormality in both chromosome 11 and chromosome 9, 8% (7/84) with other complex karyotypes. Fusion gene: 33%(28/84) were SIL-TAL1 positive. The patients were grouped by CCLG-ALL 2008 risk score, 40% (34/84) were in the intermediate risk group and 60% (50/84) in the high risk group. (2) Treatment efficacy: 84 cases were followed up until May 30, 2018. The follow-up time was 42.0 (0.3-120.0) months. The sensitivity rate of prednisone treatment was 56% (47/84); the complete response (CR) rate after the induction therapy of vincristine+daunoblastina+L-asparaginase+dexamethasone (VDLD)(d 33) was 88% (74/84); the total CR rate after VDLD induction combined with cyclophosphamide+cytarabine+6-mercaptopurine (CAM) treatment (d80) was 94% (79/84); the recurrence rate was 24% (20/84). Among the 20 recurrent cases, there were 13 cases (65%) with ultra-early recurrence (within 18 months after diagnosis), 6 cases (30%) with early recurrence (18 to 36 months after diagnosis); 1 patient (5%) with late recurrence (over 36 months after diagnosis). During the follow-up period, twenty-eight children (33%) died (22 cases with recurrence or suspending treatment without remission, 2 cases with infection, 1 case of sudden death in chemotherapy, 1 patient failed in transplantation, 1 patient with severe cirrhosis, and 1 patient with unknown cause). (3) Kaplan-Meier analysis: the 5-year OS and EFS of the 84 children were (63±6)% and (60±6)% respectively. (4) Efficacy in different risk groups: prednisone sensitivity rates in the two different risk groups were 100% (34/34) and 26% (13/50), respectively (χ²=3.237, P<0.05). The CR rates at the end of VDLD induction therapy (d 33) were 100% (34/34) and 80% (40/50), respectively (χ²=2.767, P<0.05). The recurrence rate of children in the two groups was 12% (4/34) and 32% (16/50), respectively (χ²=4.245, P<0.05).The mortality rates of the two groups were 21% (7/34) and 42% (21/50), respectively (χ²=3.198, P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the 5-year OS of the two groups were (77±7)% and (53±8)%; and the 5-year EFS of the two groups were (75±8)% and (49±8)% (χ²=4.235, 3.875, both P<0.05) . (5) COX multivariate regression analysis showed that the classification of risk according to CCLG-ALL 2008 was an important factor influencing the prognosis of children with T-ALL (OR=3.313, 95% CI 1.165-9.422, P=0.025). Conclusions The results of the risk group treatment according to the CCLG-ALL 2008 protocol showed that the long-term survival of children with middle risk was significantly better than that of children at high risk.