Objective To observe the effect of Sishen Pills on the expression of TREK-1 signaling pathway in rats of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea(IBS-D);To explore its mechanism in treating IBS-D.Methods Ten SPF-grade SD rats were randomly selected as the normal group,and the remaining 30 rats were used to prepare the IBS-D rat model by senna gavage combined with water stress avoidance method,and then the modeled rats were randomly divided into the model group,Western medicine group(15.23 mg/kg pivoxyl bromide)and Chinese medicine group(7.32 g/kg Sishen Pills).The medication groups were gavaged by corresponding drugs,and the normal group and model group were given equal volume of pure water,once a day,for consecutive 14 d.The general state of the rats was observed,the contents of serum cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP),protein kinase A(PKA)and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(p-ERK)were detected by ELISA,the positive expressions of biportal potassium channel TREK-1 and p-ERK in colonic tissue were detected by immunofluorescence,the expressions of cAMP,PKA and p-ERK protein were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the normal group,the body mass of rats in the model group was significantly reduced,and loose stool rate significantly increased(P<0.01);the contents of cAMP,PKA and p-ERK in serum were significantly increased(P<0.05,P<0.01);the positive expression and protein expression of TREK-1 in colonic tissue were significantly reduced,while the positive expression of p-ERK significantly increased(P<0.01),and the expressions of cAMP and PKA proteins significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the body mass of rats in Chinese medince group significantly increased,and loose stool rate significantly decreased(P<0.01);the contents of cAMP,PKA and p-ERK in serum were significantly reduced(P<0.05,P<0.01);the positive expression and protein expression of TREK-1 in colonic tissue significantly increased(P<0.01),while the positive expression of p-ERK significantly decreased(P<0.05),and the expressions of cAMP and PKA proteins significantly decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion Sishen Pills may regulate intestinal motility by affecting the expression of the TREK-1 signaling pathway,thereby treating IBS-D.

Objective To observe the effect of Sishen Pills on the expression of TREK-1 signaling pathway in rats of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea(IBS-D);To explore its mechanism in treating IBS-D.Methods Ten SPF-grade SD rats were randomly selected as the normal group,and the remaining 30 rats were used to prepare the IBS-D rat model by senna gavage combined with water stress avoidance method,and then the modeled rats were randomly divided into the model group,Western medicine group(15.23 mg/kg pivoxyl bromide)and Chinese medicine group(7.32 g/kg Sishen Pills).The medication groups were gavaged by corresponding drugs,and the normal group and model group were given equal volume of pure water,once a day,for consecutive 14 d.The general state of the rats was observed,the contents of serum cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP),protein kinase A(PKA)and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(p-ERK)were detected by ELISA,the positive expressions of biportal potassium channel TREK-1 and p-ERK in colonic tissue were detected by immunofluorescence,the expressions of cAMP,PKA and p-ERK protein were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the normal group,the body mass of rats in the model group was significantly reduced,and loose stool rate significantly increased(P<0.01);the contents of cAMP,PKA and p-ERK in serum were significantly increased(P<0.05,P<0.01);the positive expression and protein expression of TREK-1 in colonic tissue were significantly reduced,while the positive expression of p-ERK significantly increased(P<0.01),and the expressions of cAMP and PKA proteins significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the body mass of rats in Chinese medince group significantly increased,and loose stool rate significantly decreased(P<0.01);the contents of cAMP,PKA and p-ERK in serum were significantly reduced(P<0.05,P<0.01);the positive expression and protein expression of TREK-1 in colonic tissue significantly increased(P<0.01),while the positive expression of p-ERK significantly decreased(P<0.05),and the expressions of cAMP and PKA proteins significantly decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion Sishen Pills may regulate intestinal motility by affecting the expression of the TREK-1 signaling pathway,thereby treating IBS-D.

Baylisascaris schroederi,a roundworm(ascaridoid)parasite specific to the bamboo-feeding giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca),represents a leading cause of mortality in wild giant panda populations.Here,we present a 293-megabase chromosome-level genome assembly of B.schroederi to infer its biology,including host adaptations.Comparative genomics revealed an evolutionary trajectory accompanied by host-shift events in ascaridoid parasite lineages after host separations,suggesting their potential for transmission and rapid adaptation to new hosts.Genomic and anatomical lines of evidence,including expansion and positive selection of genes related to the cuticle and basal metabolisms,indicate that B.schroederi undergoes specific adaptations to survive in the sharp-edged bamboo-enriched gut of giant pandas by structurally increasing its cuticle thickness and efficiently utilizing host nutrients through gut parasitism.Additionally,we characterized the secretome of B.schroederi and predicted potential drug and vaccine targets for new control strategies.Overall,this genome resource provides new insights into the host adaptation of B.schroederi to the giant panda as well as the host-shift events in ascaridoid parasite lineages.Our findings on the unique biology of B.schroederi will also aid in the development of prevention and treatment measures to protect giant panda populations from roundworm parasitism.

Genome reannotation aims for complete and accurate characterization of gene models and thus is of critical significance for in-depth exploration of gene function. Although the availability of massive RNA-seq data provides great opportunities for gene model refinement, few efforts have been made to adopt these precious data in rice genome reannotation. Here we reannotate the rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica) genome based on integration of large-scale RNA-seq data and release a new annotation system IC4R-2.0. In general, IC4R-2.0 significantly improves the completeness of gene structure, identifies a number of novel genes, and integrates a variety of functional annota-tions. Furthermore, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are system-atically characterized in the rice genome. Performance evaluation shows that compared to previous annotation systems, IC4R-2.0 achieves higher integrity and quality, primarily attributable to mas-sive RNA-seq data applied in genome annotation. Consequently, we incorporate the improvedannotations into the Information Commons for Rice (IC4R), a database integrating multiple omics data of rice, and accordingly update IC4R by providing more user-friendly web interfaces and implementing a series of practical online tools. Together, the updated IC4R, which is equipped with the improved annotations, bears great promise for comparative and functional genomic studies in rice and other monocotyledonous species. The IC4R-2.0 annotation system and related resources are freely accessible at http://ic4r.org/.