Biotoxins are natural chemical substances produced by animals,plants or microorgan-isms that exhibit toxicity toward other species.These biotoxins exhibit a wide range of structural complexi-ties.Some of them are highly toxic,posing significant threats to human health and public safety.In recent years,researchers have employed the cell membranes of biotoxin target cells to coat nanomate-rials,thereby constructing biomimetic nanosystems with high biocompatibility,low immunogenicity,prolonged circulation time,and strong targeting capabilities.By leveraging the interactions between biotoxins and their target cell membranes,these systems effectively trap toxins,leading to notable advancements in this field.This article reviews the toxic mechanisms of biotoxins,the historical devel-opment of using biomimetic nanosystems for toxin detoxification,common preparation methods and characterization techniques,as well as the composition and detoxification efficacy of these nanosys-tems,thus providing references for their future design,development,and application.

Biotoxins are natural chemical substances produced by animals,plants or microorgan-isms that exhibit toxicity toward other species.These biotoxins exhibit a wide range of structural complexi-ties.Some of them are highly toxic,posing significant threats to human health and public safety.In recent years,researchers have employed the cell membranes of biotoxin target cells to coat nanomate-rials,thereby constructing biomimetic nanosystems with high biocompatibility,low immunogenicity,prolonged circulation time,and strong targeting capabilities.By leveraging the interactions between biotoxins and their target cell membranes,these systems effectively trap toxins,leading to notable advancements in this field.This article reviews the toxic mechanisms of biotoxins,the historical devel-opment of using biomimetic nanosystems for toxin detoxification,common preparation methods and characterization techniques,as well as the composition and detoxification efficacy of these nanosys-tems,thus providing references for their future design,development,and application.

Objective To optimize the extraction process of collagen from the jellyfish (Nemopilema nomurai) and explore its characters. Methods The collagen was extracted with acetic acid and pepsin from jellyfish. The crude jellyfish collagen was purified by salting out and ultrafiltration. The purified collagen was characterized and analyzed by XRD (X-ray diffraction), UV (ultraviolet spectroscopy) and FTIR (fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). Results The purity of jellyfish collagen was 97%, the yield was 33% (dry weight). The jellyfish collagen maintained its triple helix structure during the extraction and purification process. Jellyfish collagen conformed to the characteristics of type I collagen according to amino acid composition and gel electrophoresis analysis. The jellyfish collagen exhibited a good solubility under the conditions of pH 3–5 and less than 0.9 mol/L of NaCl. Conclusion The extracted jellyfish collagen exhibited similar characteristics with bovine type I collagen and was a potential new source of collagen.