Objective To gain insights into the biological characteristics of different populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus within and around the Yellow Sea wetland from the perspective of the occurrence of resistance, we investigated the levels of resistance to deltamethrin and kdr gene mutation in the wetland and its peripheral areas. Methods Specimens were collected from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations at two monitoring sites in the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area, and also from two populations in Yancheng City and the Liuhe District of Nanjing, and the resistance of these mosquitoes to deltamethrin was determined using the CDC biotest bottle method. For each concentration of deltamethrin assessed, a random subset of exposed specimens was selected for amplification of the kdr gene fragment, followed by Sanger sequencing to identify and analyze resistance-associated mutations. Results The LC50 levels of deltamethrin among mosquitoes from the four populations in Luhe, Yancheng, the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and the Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area were 2.048 5, 7.798 2, 3.473 3, and 17.695 5 mg/mL, respectively, with corresponding concentrations of deltamethrin ranging from 0.005 to 5.000,0.050 to 50.000,0.050 to 25.000 and 0.050 to 50.000 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the ranges of the KT50 values were 11.76-107.43, 67.05-216.30,29.77-107.43 and 28.40-329.51 min; the 1-h knockdown rates were 34.58%-99.15%, 9.52%-43.80%, 55.09%-73.01%, and 10.09%-68.07%; and the 24-h mortality rates were 12.15%-67.52%,9.52%-79.56%,13.17%-82.21%, and 11.01%-78.99%, respectively. With respect to kdr gene mutation, we assayed a total of 63,70,59, and 57 mosquitoes for the four populations, for which we detected L1014F mutation frequencies of 14.29%, 35.00%, 20.34%, and 31.58%, respectively, with a majority of these mutations being heterozygous for resistance. In addition, five adult mosquitoes were identified has having synonymous mutations at site 1011[i. e. , AAT(asparagine)mutation to AAC(asparagine)]. Conclusions Our findings revealed the clear resistance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus to deltamethrin in the Yancheng region of the Yellow Sea wetland, and the resistance phenotype and kdr frequency of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment were comparable to those of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment, thereby indicating that the resistance of different populations of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was homogeneous under the pressure of different insecticide selection within and around the wetland. However, the underlying mechanisms need to be further studied.

Human self-organizing cardioids, a recent breakthrough in cardiac organoid research, are constructed with the specialized cardiac lineage cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and have made rapid advancements since 2021. A key advantage of these organoids is their minimal reliance on external interventions, allowing them to more accurately replicate the heart's developmental processes through intrinsic signaling pathways, thereby closely mimicking natural cardiac characteristics. Consequently, they hold significant promise for improving drug safety evaluations, treating both congenital and acquired heart diseases, advancing eugenics practices, developing humanized cardiac disease models, conducting research in regenerative medicine, and understanding how unique environments (such as aerospace) affect human health. This review systematically describes the current various self-organizing cardioid construction techniques, comparing the structural differences caused by diverse signal stimulations, which would be instrumental in optimizing designs for more advanced and mature cardioids. Additionally, we summarize existing applications and address the challenges faced. Despite some uncertainties and challenges in current technologies and applications, this emerging cardiac organoid technology holds promise to provide new possibilities for cardiovascular medicine through continuous refinement.

Objective To develop and validate a transgenic mouse model enabling specific and inducible optogenetic activation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells(OPCs).Methods A conditional allele for the photosensitive opsin chicken opsin 5(cOpn5)(Rosa26-LSL-cOpn5)was generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology.These mice were subsequently crossed with NG2-CreERT transgenic mice to produce NG2-CreERT;cOpn5 animals.In this model,tamoxifen administration induces Cre-mediated recombination,leading to specific expression of cOpn5 in NG2-positive OPCs.The specificity and efficiency of cOpn5 expression in OPCs were confirmed by immunofluorescent staining.Functional validation of light-induced OPC activation was performed by using calcium imaging in acute brain slices after stimulation with 470 nm blue light.Results Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed robust and specific expression of cOpn5 within NG2-positive OPCs in the brains of tamoxifen-treated NG2-CreERT;cOpn5 mice.Crucially,calcium imaging of acute brain slices from these mice demonstrated a significant increase in intracellular calcium levels in cOpn5-expressing OPCs upon stimulation with 470 nm blue light,indicating successful optogenetic activation.Conclusion We have successfully generated and validated a novel transgenic mouse model(NG2-CreERT;cOpn5)that permits specific and inducible optogenetic activation of OPCs.This model provides a novel tool for subsequent in vivo studies of the role and regulating mechanisms of OPCs in the central nervous system.

Objective To propose a brain electrical phase prediction method based on long short-term memory network(LSTM)to improve the accuracy and robustness of phase synchronization prediction in transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS).Methods First,an LSTM consisting of an input layer,an LSTM layer,an ReLU activation layer,a fully connected layer and a regression layer was constructed to capture the EEG signal features through the synergistic action of input gates,forgetting gates and output gates.Second,eye-open resting-state EEG data from 30 healthy subjects were trained using the LSTM to obtain a predictive model for EEG signal and EEG phase prediction.Finally,the LSTM method and the traditional autoregressive(AR)method were compared in terms of the phase prediction errors at the overall and individual levels and the prediction performance for peaks and troughs.A regression model was used to explore the relationships between instantaneous EEG amplitude,signal-to-noise ratio and phase prediction error with the LSTM method.Results The LSTM method achieved a total phase prediction error of 0.04°±5.69°,which was lower than that of the traditional AR method(-3.36°±51.13°).For each subject,the LSTM method demonstrated superior phase prediction accuracy compared to the traditional AR method(P＜0.001).The accuracy for predicting peaks(troughs)by the LSTM method(about 89％)was higher than that by the traditional AR method(about 10％).Unlike the traditional AR method,the LSTM method didnot result in linear relationships between instantaneous EEG amplitude,signal-to-noise ratio and phase prediction error,with Pvalues being 0.58 and 0.18,respectively.Conclusion The LSTM-based brain electrical phase prediction method shows high accuracy and robustness when used for EEG phase-synchronized TMS.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(3):1-8]

Objective To investigate the expression of NOP2/Sun RNA methyltransferase family member 2(NSUN2)and protein arginine methyltransferase 5(PRMT5)in retinoblastoma(Rb)tissue and their correlation with the survival prognosis of Rb patients.Methods From February 2019 to February 2021,84 patients with Rb(Rb group)were selected from Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University Nanchong Hospital,and 50 normal retinal tissues were used as control group.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)was used to detect the levels of NSUN2 mRNA and PRMT5 mRNA in retinal tissues.Kaplan-Meier curve was used to analyze the effect of NSUN2 mRNA and PRMT5 mRNA on the prognosis of Rb patients.COX regression analysis was used to analyze the factors affecting the prognosis of Rb.Results The expression of NSUN2 mRNA(3.11±0.42)and PRMT5 mRNA(2.84±0.39)in Rb cancer tissues were higher than that in the control group(0.80±0.23,0.76±0.20),and the differences were statistically significant(t=35.935,35.033,all P<0.001).The expression of NSUN2 mRNA and PRMT5 mRNA in Rb cancer tissues with tumor diameter≥20mm,undifferentiated and ⅡRC stage D～E were higher than that in tumor diameter<20mm,differentiated tissues and ⅡRC stage A～C cancer tissues,and the differences were statistically significant(t=18.297,141.770,16.693;18.663,139.144,39.947,均P<0.001).The 3-year progression-free survival rate in the high expression group of NSUN2 mRNA was lower than that in the low expression group(60.00%vs 88.64%).The 3-year progression-free survival rate in the high expression group of PRMT5 mRNA was lower than that in the low expression group(56.10%vs 93.02%)(Log rank χ2=13.440,19.501,all P<0.001).Undifferentiated type,ⅡRC stage D-E stage,NSUN2 mRNA high,PRMT5 mRNA high were risk factors affecting the prognosis of Rb patients(Waldχ2=5.923～7.161,all P<0.001).Conclusion The expression of NSUN2 mRNA and PRMT5 mRNA in Rb tissues is increased,which is related to the maximum diameter of tumor,pathological classification and ⅡRC stage,and can be used as a tumor marker to evaluate the survival prognosis of Rb.

Objective To develop and validate a transgenic mouse model enabling specific and inducible optogenetic activation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells(OPCs).Methods A conditional allele for the photosensitive opsin chicken opsin 5(cOpn5)(Rosa26-LSL-cOpn5)was generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology.These mice were subsequently crossed with NG2-CreERT transgenic mice to produce NG2-CreERT;cOpn5 animals.In this model,tamoxifen administration induces Cre-mediated recombination,leading to specific expression of cOpn5 in NG2-positive OPCs.The specificity and efficiency of cOpn5 expression in OPCs were confirmed by immunofluorescent staining.Functional validation of light-induced OPC activation was performed by using calcium imaging in acute brain slices after stimulation with 470 nm blue light.Results Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed robust and specific expression of cOpn5 within NG2-positive OPCs in the brains of tamoxifen-treated NG2-CreERT;cOpn5 mice.Crucially,calcium imaging of acute brain slices from these mice demonstrated a significant increase in intracellular calcium levels in cOpn5-expressing OPCs upon stimulation with 470 nm blue light,indicating successful optogenetic activation.Conclusion We have successfully generated and validated a novel transgenic mouse model(NG2-CreERT;cOpn5)that permits specific and inducible optogenetic activation of OPCs.This model provides a novel tool for subsequent in vivo studies of the role and regulating mechanisms of OPCs in the central nervous system.

Objective To propose a brain electrical phase prediction method based on long short-term memory network(LSTM)to improve the accuracy and robustness of phase synchronization prediction in transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS).Methods First,an LSTM consisting of an input layer,an LSTM layer,an ReLU activation layer,a fully connected layer and a regression layer was constructed to capture the EEG signal features through the synergistic action of input gates,forgetting gates and output gates.Second,eye-open resting-state EEG data from 30 healthy subjects were trained using the LSTM to obtain a predictive model for EEG signal and EEG phase prediction.Finally,the LSTM method and the traditional autoregressive(AR)method were compared in terms of the phase prediction errors at the overall and individual levels and the prediction performance for peaks and troughs.A regression model was used to explore the relationships between instantaneous EEG amplitude,signal-to-noise ratio and phase prediction error with the LSTM method.Results The LSTM method achieved a total phase prediction error of 0.04°±5.69°,which was lower than that of the traditional AR method(-3.36°±51.13°).For each subject,the LSTM method demonstrated superior phase prediction accuracy compared to the traditional AR method(P＜0.001).The accuracy for predicting peaks(troughs)by the LSTM method(about 89％)was higher than that by the traditional AR method(about 10％).Unlike the traditional AR method,the LSTM method didnot result in linear relationships between instantaneous EEG amplitude,signal-to-noise ratio and phase prediction error,with Pvalues being 0.58 and 0.18,respectively.Conclusion The LSTM-based brain electrical phase prediction method shows high accuracy and robustness when used for EEG phase-synchronized TMS.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(3):1-8]

Objective To investigate the expression of NOP2/Sun RNA methyltransferase family member 2(NSUN2)and protein arginine methyltransferase 5(PRMT5)in retinoblastoma(Rb)tissue and their correlation with the survival prognosis of Rb patients.Methods From February 2019 to February 2021,84 patients with Rb(Rb group)were selected from Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University Nanchong Hospital,and 50 normal retinal tissues were used as control group.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)was used to detect the levels of NSUN2 mRNA and PRMT5 mRNA in retinal tissues.Kaplan-Meier curve was used to analyze the effect of NSUN2 mRNA and PRMT5 mRNA on the prognosis of Rb patients.COX regression analysis was used to analyze the factors affecting the prognosis of Rb.Results The expression of NSUN2 mRNA(3.11±0.42)and PRMT5 mRNA(2.84±0.39)in Rb cancer tissues were higher than that in the control group(0.80±0.23,0.76±0.20),and the differences were statistically significant(t=35.935,35.033,all P<0.001).The expression of NSUN2 mRNA and PRMT5 mRNA in Rb cancer tissues with tumor diameter≥20mm,undifferentiated and ⅡRC stage D～E were higher than that in tumor diameter<20mm,differentiated tissues and ⅡRC stage A～C cancer tissues,and the differences were statistically significant(t=18.297,141.770,16.693;18.663,139.144,39.947,均P<0.001).The 3-year progression-free survival rate in the high expression group of NSUN2 mRNA was lower than that in the low expression group(60.00%vs 88.64%).The 3-year progression-free survival rate in the high expression group of PRMT5 mRNA was lower than that in the low expression group(56.10%vs 93.02%)(Log rank χ2=13.440,19.501,all P<0.001).Undifferentiated type,ⅡRC stage D-E stage,NSUN2 mRNA high,PRMT5 mRNA high were risk factors affecting the prognosis of Rb patients(Waldχ2=5.923～7.161,all P<0.001).Conclusion The expression of NSUN2 mRNA and PRMT5 mRNA in Rb tissues is increased,which is related to the maximum diameter of tumor,pathological classification and ⅡRC stage,and can be used as a tumor marker to evaluate the survival prognosis of Rb.

Objective:To investigate the genetic causal relationship of leukocyte telomere length(LTL)with prostatitis,orchi-tis and epididymitis by two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR).Methods:Using LTL as the exposure factor and prostatitis,or-chitis and epididymitis as outcome factors,we mined the Database of Genome-Wide Association Studies(GWAS).Then,we analyzed the causal relationship of LTL with prostatitis,orchitis and epididymitis by Mendelian randomization using inverse variance weighting(IVW)as the main method and weighted median and MR-Egger regression as auxiliary methods,determined the horizontal multiplicity by MR-Egger intercept test,and conducted sensitivity analysis using the leaving-one-out method.Results:A total of 121 related sin-gle nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were identified in this study.IVW showed LTL to be a risk factor for prostatitis(OR=1.383,95％CI:1.044-1.832,P=0.024),and for orchitis and epididymitis as well(OR=1.770,95％CI:1.275-2.456,P=0.000 6).Conclusion:Genetic evidence from Mendelian randomized analysis indicates that shortening of LTL reduces the risk of prostatitis,orchitis and epididymitis.

Objective:To explore the value of REG3α,sST2 and TNFR1 in peripheral blood for risk stratification and prognostic evaluation of acute graft-versus-host disease(aGVHD)after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT)in children.Methods:From January 2020 to March 2022,70 children with aGVHD after allo-HSCT in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were selected as the research objects,of which 50 cases were mild aGVHD(grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ)and 20 cases were severe aGVHD(grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ).30 healthy children who underwent physical examinations in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group.Luminex platform was used to detect the protein expression levels of REG3α,sST2 and TNFR1 during aGVHD occurrence,and the differences between the three groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.According to the outcome of aGVHD treatment within 28 days,the patients were divided into a good prognosis group of 58 cases and a poor prognosis group of 12 cases.The ROC curve was used to analyze the value of REG3α,sST2 and TNFR1 in predicting the prognosis of children with aGVHD.Results:The peripheral blood levels of REG3α,sST2 and TNFR1 in the mild aGVHD and severe aGVHD groups were significantly higher than those in the control group(P＜0.05),and those in the severe aGVHD group were significantly higher than those in the mild aGVHD group(P＜0.05).Compared with the good prognosis group,the peripheral blood levels of REG3α,sST2 and TNFR1 in the poor prognosis group were significantly higher(t=9.27,3.33,2.97;P＜0.01).ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve(AUC),sensitivity and specificity of the combined detection of REG3α,sST2 and TNFR1 in predicting the prognosis of children with aGVHD were higher than those of the above indicators detected alone or in pairs.Conclusion:The expression levels of REG3α,sST2 and TNFR1 were related to the severity of aGVHD.The combination of REG3α,sST2 and TNFR1 has a high clinical value in predicting the prognosis of children with aGVHD,which is expected to provide a reliable reference for clinical evaluation of the prognosis of children with aGVHD.