A 75-year-old male patient with non-small cell lung cancer in the lower lobe of the left lung underwent left lobectomy, followed by 4 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel and platinum, 4 cycles of chemotherapy with docetaxel and cisplatin, and immunotherapy with sintilimab, 13 cycles of immunotherapy with sintilimab monotherapy, and 5 cycles of endostatin and sintilimab, spanning a total of 5 years. Due to disease progression, he received the monotherapy with anlotinib, 42 days later, the patient developed intestinal perforation, and laparoscopic ileal perforation repair surgery was performed. During the operation, a perforation with a diameter of about 1 cm was observed in the ileum, indicating the outflow of digestive fluid and a large amount of purulent fluid accumulation in the pelvic cavity; no signs of gastrointestinal tumor metastasis were observed. After surgery, the patient developed abdominal infection and peritonitis, and was given symptomatic and supportive treatments such as anti-infection for 7 days. However, the patient developed severe complications such as lung infection, heart failure, sepsis, and respiratory failure, and died.

A 75-year-old male patient with non-small cell lung cancer in the lower lobe of the left lung underwent left lobectomy, followed by 4 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel and platinum, 4 cycles of chemotherapy with docetaxel and cisplatin, and immunotherapy with sintilimab, 13 cycles of immunotherapy with sintilimab monotherapy, and 5 cycles of endostatin and sintilimab, spanning a total of 5 years. Due to disease progression, he received the monotherapy with anlotinib, 42 days later, the patient developed intestinal perforation, and laparoscopic ileal perforation repair surgery was performed. During the operation, a perforation with a diameter of about 1 cm was observed in the ileum, indicating the outflow of digestive fluid and a large amount of purulent fluid accumulation in the pelvic cavity; no signs of gastrointestinal tumor metastasis were observed. After surgery, the patient developed abdominal infection and peritonitis, and was given symptomatic and supportive treatments such as anti-infection for 7 days. However, the patient developed severe complications such as lung infection, heart failure, sepsis, and respiratory failure, and died.

Tumor cells,and a variety of stromal cells,immune cells and cytokines constitute a complex tumor microenviron-ment.Among them,tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs)are one of the most important stromal cells in microenvironment and ac-tively participate in tumor growth,invasion and metastasis.Autophagic activity not only plays a key role in the cellular stress response and maintaining the stability of the internal environment,but it also is closely associated with tumor,involving in the generation and re-cruitment of TAMs precursor cells in the tumor microenvironment and the important regulatory steps of polarization of the precursor cells to TAMs.The study of autophagy-mediated control of TAMs is conducive to a more comprehensive understanding of the tumor micro-environment in the complex regulatory network system,and may open a new situation in cancer treatment.

Inflammation has a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of cancer.lymphocyte and monocyte play an important role in inflammatory reaction,reflecting body immune status.In recent years,more and more clinical studies have shown that pretreatment of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio(LMR)in the patients with malignant tumor may have a certain value in evaluating the prognosis of cancer patients such as nasopharyngeal cancer,esophageal cancer,breast cancer,ovarian cancer,lung cancer,gastric cancer,colorectal cancer,etc.This article reviews the latest research progress on the value of LMR in the evaluation of the prognosis of the patients with malignant tumor.

Patient-derived xenograft models (PDXs) of lung cancer are obtained by directly implanting lung cancer tissue fragments in-to immunocompromised mice. The implanted tumor fragments can be proliferated and passaged in these mice models. The PDXs maintain the tumor microenvironment, histological and pathological characteristics, and tumor biomarkers of the original tumor tis-sues. The PDX also offers an ideal mice model that mimics the human tumor microenvironment. These models have important roles in the pre-clinical evaluation of cancer, the assessment of anti-tumor drug responses, and the analysis of biomarkers. These models also present a new direction for the individualized therapy of lung cancer patients.