The important studies in the field of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) in 2024 focused on the application of cardiac support technologies in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with cardiogenic shock (CS): veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO) has not shown advantages in either short- or long-term outcomes and may increase the risk of bleeding and vascular complications; in contrast, micro-axial flow pumps demonstrate potential in improving mortality. The effects of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO) combined with prone positioning on severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain uncertain. The survival benefit of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients has been further validated. The potential benefits of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) require further investigation. Additionally, new guidelines released in 2024 focus on Neurological monitoring and management during ECMO, as well as the Definition and management of right ventricular injury during veno-venous ECMO. ECMO management requires more refined strategies, including optimized oxygenation targets, anticoagulation, blood transfusion, and weaning strategies to improve patient outcomes.
Humans ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/methods* ; Shock, Cardiogenic/therapy* ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Myocardial Infarction/therapy*

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), as a critical life support technology, has played a significant role in treating patients with refractory respiratory and circulatory failure. In recent years, with the advancements in medical technology, the scope of application of ECMO has been expanding, especially in the fields of acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiogenic shock and other important roles. However, its high costs, complex operation, and associated risks of complications remain challenges in clinical practice. At present, an increasing number of studies have focused on developing and validating ECMO prognostic models. Developing precise prognostic prediction models is crucial for optimizing treatment decisions and improving patient survival rates. This article categorizes existing prognostic models for adult ECMO patients based on methodological classification, patient population, and theoretical framework. It highlights the limitations of current models in terms of sample size, multi-center validation, static data analysis, and model applicability. Moreover, it proposes future directions for model development, such as multi-center prospective studies, integration of machine learning and deep learning technologies, and increased focus on long-term outcomes, offering insights for researchers to improve model construction and explore new research directions.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/methods* ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy* ; Machine Learning ; Shock, Cardiogenic/therapy*

OBJECTIVE: To explore the diagnosis and treatment of acute cerebral infarction following extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy in patients with cardiogenic shock to review the literature. METHODS: The clinical data of two patients with cardiogenic shock treated with veno-arterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) complicated with acute cerebral infarction admitted to department of intensive care unit (ICU) of Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University were retrospectively analyzed and the treatment experience was shared. RESULTS: Case 1 was a 46-year-old male patient who was admitted to the hospital on September 16, 2021, due to "repeated chest tightness, shortness of breath, syncope for 2+ years, and worsened for 15 days. Coronary artery angiography showed 3-vessel coronary artery disease lesions. On October 15, 2021, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), pericardial fenestration and drainage, thoracic closed drainage, femoral bypass, thoracotomy exploration, and sternal internal fixation were performed under support of extracorporeal circulation. After surgery, the heart rate was 180-200 bpm, the blood pressure could not be maintained, and the improvement was not obvious after active drug treatment. The right femoral artery and femoral vein were intubated, VA-ECMO support treatment was performed, and the patient was transferred to the ICU. Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) was treated on the day of transfer because the circulation could not be maintained. Due to acute cerebral infarction in the left hemisphere and right parieto-occipital lobe, subfalcine herniation, tentorial herniation, the patient ultimately died after withdrawing from ECMO. Case 2 was a 43-year-old male patient who was admitted to the hospital on June 29, 2021, with "fever for 8 days and vomiting for 4 days". Bedside ultrasound showed cardiac enlargement and diffuse wall motion reduction in the left and right ventricles. On June 30, 2021, the patient underwent catheterization through the right femoral artery and femoral vein, VA-ECMO support, and was transferred to ICU for treatment. Acute cerebral infarction on both sides of the cerebellum occurred, and after treatment, the patient was discharged with mild impairment of daily living ability. CONCLUSIONS Strengthen monitoring of anticoagulation; regular neurological examination of patients undergoing ECMO therapy; ECMO under light sedation or awake can be performed if the condition permitsif the condition permits, perform light sedation or awake ECMO, which helpful for the early detection of nervous system injury.
Male ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Shock, Cardiogenic/therapy* ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Retrospective Studies ; Coronary Artery Bypass/adverse effects* ; Cerebral Infarction/therapy*

Objective: To investigate the impact of combined use and timing of arterial-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) with intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) on the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock (AMICS). Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock who received VA-ECMO support from the Heart Center of Lanzhou University First Hospital from March 2019 to March 2022 in the registration database of the Chinese Society for Extracorporeal Life Support were enrolled. According to combination with IABP and time point, patients were divided into VA-ECMO alone group, VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group and VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group. Data from 3 groups of patients were collected, including the demographic characteristics, risk factors, ECG and echocardiographic examination results, critical illness characteristics, coronary intervention results, VA-ECMO related parameters and complications were compared among the three groups. The primary clinical endpoint was all-cause death, and the safety indicators of mechanical circulatory support included a decrease in hemoglobin greater than 50 g/L, gastrointestinal bleeding, bacteremia, lower extremity ischemia, lower extremity thrombosis, acute kidney injury, pulmonary edema and stroke. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to analyze the survival outcomes of patients within 30 days of follow-up. Using VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group as reference, multivariate Cox regression model was used to evaluate the effect of the combination of VA-ECMO+IABP at different time points on the prognosis of AMICS patients within 30 days. Results: The study included 68 AMICS patients who were supported by VA-ECMO, average age was (59.8±10.8) years, there were 12 female patients (17.6%), 19 cases were in VA-ECMO alone group, 34 cases in VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group and 15 cases in VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group. The success rate of ECMO weaning in the VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group was significantly higher than that in the VA-ECMO alone group and the VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group (all P<0.05). Compared with the ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group, the other two groups had shorter ECMO support time, lower rates of acute kidney injury complications (all P<0.05), and lower rates of pulmonary edema complications in the ECMO alone group (P<0.05). In-hospital survival rate was significantly higher in the VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group (28 patients (82.4%)) than in the VA-ECMO alone group (9 patients) and VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group (7 patients) (all P<0.05). The survival rate up to 30 days of follow-up was also significantly higher surviving patients within were in the ECMO+IABP concurrent group (26 cases) than in VA-ECMO alone group (9 patients) and VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group (4 patients) (all P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that compared with the concurrent use of VA-ECMO+IABP, the use of VA-ECMO alone and non-concurrent use of VA-ECMO+IABP were associated with increased 30-day mortality in AMICS patients (HR=2.801, P=0.036; HR=2.985, P=0.033, respectively). Conclusions: When VA-ECMO is indicated for AMICS patients, combined use with IABP at the same time can improve the ECMO weaning rate, in-hospital survival and survival at 30 days post discharge, and which does not increase additional complications.
Humans ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Shock, Cardiogenic/complications* ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/methods* ; Pulmonary Edema/complications* ; Aftercare ; Prospective Studies ; Patient Discharge ; Myocardial Infarction/therapy* ; Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping/methods* ; Treatment Outcome ; Retrospective Studies

Objective: To investigate the impact of combined use and timing of arterial-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) with intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) on the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock (AMICS). Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock who received VA-ECMO support from the Heart Center of Lanzhou University First Hospital from March 2019 to March 2022 in the registration database of the Chinese Society for Extracorporeal Life Support were enrolled. According to combination with IABP and time point, patients were divided into VA-ECMO alone group, VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group and VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group. Data from 3 groups of patients were collected, including the demographic characteristics, risk factors, ECG and echocardiographic examination results, critical illness characteristics, coronary intervention results, VA-ECMO related parameters and complications were compared among the three groups. The primary clinical endpoint was all-cause death, and the safety indicators of mechanical circulatory support included a decrease in hemoglobin greater than 50 g/L, gastrointestinal bleeding, bacteremia, lower extremity ischemia, lower extremity thrombosis, acute kidney injury, pulmonary edema and stroke. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to analyze the survival outcomes of patients within 30 days of follow-up. Using VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group as reference, multivariate Cox regression model was used to evaluate the effect of the combination of VA-ECMO+IABP at different time points on the prognosis of AMICS patients within 30 days. Results: The study included 68 AMICS patients who were supported by VA-ECMO, average age was (59.8±10.8) years, there were 12 female patients (17.6%), 19 cases were in VA-ECMO alone group, 34 cases in VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group and 15 cases in VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group. The success rate of ECMO weaning in the VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group was significantly higher than that in the VA-ECMO alone group and the VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group (all P<0.05). Compared with the ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group, the other two groups had shorter ECMO support time, lower rates of acute kidney injury complications (all P<0.05), and lower rates of pulmonary edema complications in the ECMO alone group (P<0.05). In-hospital survival rate was significantly higher in the VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group (28 patients (82.4%)) than in the VA-ECMO alone group (9 patients) and VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group (7 patients) (all P<0.05). The survival rate up to 30 days of follow-up was also significantly higher surviving patients within were in the ECMO+IABP concurrent group (26 cases) than in VA-ECMO alone group (9 patients) and VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group (4 patients) (all P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that compared with the concurrent use of VA-ECMO+IABP, the use of VA-ECMO alone and non-concurrent use of VA-ECMO+IABP were associated with increased 30-day mortality in AMICS patients (HR=2.801, P=0.036; HR=2.985, P=0.033, respectively). Conclusions: When VA-ECMO is indicated for AMICS patients, combined use with IABP at the same time can improve the ECMO weaning rate, in-hospital survival and survival at 30 days post discharge, and which does not increase additional complications.
Humans ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Shock, Cardiogenic/complications* ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/methods* ; Pulmonary Edema/complications* ; Aftercare ; Prospective Studies ; Patient Discharge ; Myocardial Infarction/therapy* ; Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping/methods* ; Treatment Outcome ; Retrospective Studies

Objective: To investigate the predicting value of different risk prediction models for short-term death in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock and treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Methods: This study was a retrospective case-control study. Forty patients with STEMI complicated by cardiogenic shock who hospitalized in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from April 2017 to August 2021 and treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and ECMO, were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into survival group and death group according to their clinical outcomes at 30 days after ECMO implantation, and clinical data of the two groups were collected and analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to compare the predictive value of ACEF, AMI-ECMO, Encourage and SAVE risk scores for mortality at 30 days after ECMO implantation. According to the evaluation results of DCA, the optimal risk score was selected. Kaplan-Meier curve estimating the 30-day survival after ECMO implantation was plotted by grouping risk scores with reference to previous literatures. Results: A total of 40 patients with STEMI combined with cardiogenic shock were included, age was (57.4±16.7) years, 31 (77.5%) patients were male, there were 21 (52.5%) patients in the death group and 19 (47.5%) in the survival group. Compared with the survival group, patients in the death group had higher lactic acid values, higher proportion of anterior descending artery or left main artery lesions, and a higher proportion of acute renal failure and continuous renal replacement therapy during hospitalization (all P<0.05). Compared with survival group, ACEF, AMI-ECMO and Encourage scores were higher in death group, SAVE score was lower in death group (all P<0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of ACEF, AMI-ECMO, Encourage and SAVE scores in predicting mortality were 0.707, 0.816, 0.757, and 0.677 respectively (P>0.05). ACEF score demonstrated the highest sensitivity (90.5%) and Encourage score exhibited the highest specificity (89.5%). DCA indicated that the AMI-ECMO and Encourage scores had the best performance in predicting the 30-day mortality after ECMO therapy. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that the 30-day mortality after ECMO implantation increased with the increase of AMI-ECMO and Encourage scores (log-rank P≤0.001). Conclusions: The 4 scoring systems are all suitable for predicting 30-day mortality after VA-ECMO therapy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. Among them, AMI-ECMO and Encourage scores have better predicting performance.
Adult ; Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/methods* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/methods* ; Retrospective Studies ; ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/therapy* ; Shock, Cardiogenic/therapy*

Humans ; Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy* ; Consensus ; Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; China ; Shock, Cardiogenic

China ; Consensus ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction/therapy* ; Shock, Cardiogenic/therapy*

Objective: To analyze the status of early use of oral β-blocker and its relationship with in-hospital outcomes in eligible patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: The study was based on the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China (CCC)-ACS project. The data of ACS patients that collected during 2014 to 2019 from 230 collaborating hospitals across China were analyzed. Propensity score matching method and Cox multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the association between early use of oral β-blocker and in-hospital outcomes within 15 days. Results: A total of 38 663 eligible ACS patients were included in this study. The mean age was (57.0±9.0), and 78.8% of the ACS patients (30 470/38 663) were male. The proportion of early use of oral β-blockers was 64.9% (25 112/38 663), but varied substantially, in the 230 hospitals with a range from 0 to 100%. Compared with the patients no early use of oral β-blocker, the patients receiving early oral β-blocker had significantly lower incidence of major cardiovascular adverse events (MACEs) (3.4% (395/11 536) vs. 2.9%(339/11 536), P=0.036)and less occurrences of heart failure (2.7% (316/11 536) vs. 2.1% (248/11 536), P=0.004). Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed the patients receiving early oral β-blocker had 15.5%, 23.1%, and 35.3% lower risks of MACEs, heart failure and cardiogenic shock respectively than the patients no early oral β-blocker. Conclusions: Compared with the patients no early oral β-blocker, the patients receiving early oral β-blocker had lower risks of MACEs events, heart failure and cardiogenic shock. However, the early use of oral β-blocker in ACS patients was generally insufficient with huge differences among different hospitals in China.
Acute Coronary Syndrome/drug therapy* ; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use* ; Heart Failure ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Male ; Shock, Cardiogenic

Objective: To summarize the efficacy of combined treatment strategy of mechanical circulation support devices and immunomodulation therapy for patients with fulminant myocarditis. Method: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and outcomes of 37 fulminant myocarditis patients complicating cardiogenic shock, who were hospitalized from October 2017 to December 2019 in our department. Patients received guideline therapy according to "Chinese expert consensus statement on clinical diagnosis and treatment of fulminant myocarditis in adults"issued by Chinese Society of Cardiology of Chinese Medical Association. Patients were divided into IABP group (n=19), ECMO group (n=5) and IABP+ECMO group (n=13) according to different mechanical circulation support regimen. The treatment effectiveness among various groups were compared. The major endpoint was in-hospital mortality. The duration and outcome of mechanical circulation support were also analyzed. Furthermore, relationships between baseline data, proportion of different treatments (including medicine treatment, temporary pacemaker and continuous renal replacement treatment, immunomodulation therapy) and clinical outcome were analyzed. Results: The age of the 37 patients in the cohort was (37.4±17.0) years, and there were 22 male among them. Immunomodulation therapy included glucocorticoid (methylprednisolone) and intravenous immunoglobin. At admission, blood pressure was (70.21±17.37)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),heart rate was(100±30)beat/minutes,there were 10 cases of Ⅲ° atrioventricular block and all received temporary pacemaker implantation, 12 cases of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation,1 patient received temporary pacemaker implantation due to electronic storm, peak cardiac troponin I level was (18.61±9.55)μg/L, peak B type natriuretic peptide level was 1 670(518,3 410)ng/L,left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was(32.3±10.4)%. Thirty-four out of the 37 patients survived and 3 patients died. Hospital duration was (22.7±8.2)days, LVEF was (50.1±10.5)% at discharge. Lactic acid level was significantly higher in IABP+ECMO group than in IABP group and ECMO group(P<0.001 or =0.005),LVEF was significantly lower in IABP+ECMO group than in IABP group(P=0.004),the proportion of ventilator usage was higher in IABO+ECMO group than in IABP group (P<0.05). Survival rate was similar among the three groups. Conclusion: Comprehensive treatment regimen with combined mechanical circulation support and immunomodulation therapy as the core strategies is effective in the treatment of fulminant myocarditis complicated with cardiogenic shock.
Adult ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Humans ; Immunomodulation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocarditis/therapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Shock, Cardiogenic/therapy* ; Stroke Volume ; Treatment Outcome ; Ventricular Function, Left ; Young Adult