Nanotechnologies seek to overcome inherent deficiencies of conventional diagnosis and treatment, which attracted sustained attention and a limited number of nanomedicines approved by the FDA. However, the critical gaps in clinical translation remain, and nanomedicines that were initially heralded as magic bullets have yet to reach their realistic potential. The major obstacles of fabrication technologies may be overlooked in the nanoparticles' journey. Suboptimal manufacturing strategies partly hampered the inefficient transformation. In this review, we discuss the nanoparticle manufacturing strategies of "Top-Down" and "Bottom-Up" on precise nanoscale fabrication, including artificial intelligence introduced to guided nanomedicine fabrication for accelerating the transformation. Re-engineering existing nanomedicine fabrication, individual manufacturing, and modular technology might highlight the dilemmas of nanomedicines to meet their initial expectations.

Objective:To explore the developmental characteristics of event-related potential(ERP) in cognitive function of recognition memory in children aged 6-12.Methods:A total of 130 normal children were divided into seven age groups (6 ( n=20), 7 ( n=17), 8 ( n=23), 9 ( n=24), 10 ( n=19), 11 ( n=15), and 12 years old ( n=12)) to perform a picture study-recognition task and record the reaction time, accuracy, and ERP components of all participants. SPSS 22.0 software was used for data analysis. Single factor analysis of variance and trend of variance were used to compare the response time and accuracy of 7 groups of children during the recognition stage. Pearson correlation analysis was used to study the correlation between the amplitude of the central midline N2 component and age. Paired t-test was used to examine the old/new effects of the amplitude of midfrontal N2 and midparietal P3 waves. Results:(1) The differences of recognition ability ( F(6, 123)=2.476, P<0.05), old picture reaction time ( F(6, 123)=6.461, P<0.001), and new picture reaction time ( F(6, 123)=4.163, P<0.001) among 7 age groups of children were statistically significant. Recognition ability of children aged 6 (0.61±0.24) was lower than those of 8-12 years old children((0.76±0.27), (0.76±0.10), (0.73±0.11), (0.75±0.10), (0.70±0.17) respectively)(all P<0.05). The reaction time of the old picture showed no difference among the children aged 6-9 (all P>0.05), and the reaction time of old picture of children aged 12 was shorter than those of 6-10 years old children (all P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the reaction time of new pictures among the children aged 6-10 (all P>0.05), and which in children aged 12 was shorter than those in 6-10 years old children(all P<0.01). (2) Age was positively correlated with the amplitude of the N2 component in the central region under the new ( r=0.488, P<0.001) and old picture( r=0.452, P<0.001) conditions. (3)At 6 years old, children showed old/new effects on the mid-frontal electrodes. At 7 years old, there were no old/new effects in either the mid-frontal or mid-parietal regions. From 8 to 9 years old, old/new effects appeared in the mid-parietal lobe. At 10 years old, old/new effects were present in both the mid-frontal and mid-parietal regions. At 11 years old, the mid-parietal lobe showed old/new effects. Finally, at 12 years old, negative old/new effects could be observed in both the mid-frontal and mid-parietal regions. Conclusion:There are three periods of changes in the behavior of picture recognition memory in school-age children. At ages 6-7, the accuracy rate is relatively low; at ages 8-9, it improves; and between ages 10-12, the accuracy rate stabilizes while also enabling faster judgments.Children's recognition memory retrieval process is more complex than their behavioral performance. Children have different tendencies toward strategies, but strategic transitions in recognition processing are not always beneficial for performance.

【Objective】 To analyze the influence of plasma donation on human total protein level and the impact of different blood collection tubes on total protein level detection. 【Methods】 A total of 1 373 plasma donors from 11 apheresis plasma stations in 6 provinces/autonomous regions from March to April, 2021 were selected. Whole blood was collected by ordinary blood collection tube without anticoagulant, heparin anticoagulant tube and sodium citrate anticoagulant tube, and then respectively divided into serum group, heparin anticoagulant group, and sodium citrate anticoagulant group. After separating serum and plasma, the samples were subjected to total protein detection using the biuret method. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the total protein levels among different tubes. The plasma donors were divided into male group (n=597) and female group (n=776), and the total protein levels between different genders were compared by t test. The plasma donors were divided into Sichuan group, Hubei group and Gansu group according to the region, and the Games-Howell test was used for comparison. 【Results】 The median serum total protein level of 1 373 donors was 73.1g/L, which was consistent with the reference range of 65-85 g/L. The median total protein levels of the serum group, heparin anticoagulant group and sodium citrate anticoagulant group were 73.1g/L, 73.3g/L and 63.8g/L, respectively, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). There was statistical significance in total protein level between sodium citrate anticoagulant group and serum group, sodium citrate anticoagulant group and heparin anticoagulant group(P<0.05), but no statistical significance was noticed between serum group and heparin anticoagulant group (P> 0.05). The serum total protein levels of male group and female group were (72.41±5.40)g/L and (73.67±4.95)g/L, reseectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The serum total protein level in Sichuan group, Hubei group and Gansu group was (73.91±4.29)g/L, (74.17±5.11)g/L and (67.09±3.65)g/L, respectively (P<0.05).The difference between Gansu group and Hubei group, Gansu group and Sichuan group was statistically significant (P<0.05), but no significant difference was noticed between Sichuan group and Hubei group (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】 Plasma donors who meet the donation criteria will not experience abnormal total protein levels due to regular plasma donation. There were differences in total protein levels among different blood collection tubes, different genders and different regions. The total protein level of females was higher than that of males. The total protein level was the highest in Hubei province, followed by Sichuan and Gansu.Heparin anticoagulant group was the highest, followed by serum group and sodium citrate anticoagulant group.

ObjectiveTo observe the efficacy and safety of Uyghur medicine Yangxin Dawayimixike Honey Paste （养心达瓦依米西克蜜膏， YDMHP） in the treatment of stable angina pectoris （SAP） of qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome. MethodsA randomized ， double-blind， positive-controlled，multi-center clinical trial was conducted， in which 370 patients with SAP of qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome were randomly divided into treatment group（279 cases）and control group（91cases）at a ratio of 3∶1. The treatment group was orally administered with YDMHP， 3 g each time， and placebo of Xuefu Zhuyu Capsule （血府逐瘀胶囊）， 2.4 g each time， while the control group was treated with Xuefu Zhuyu Capsule， 2.4 g each time， and placebo of YDMHP， 3 g each time， both twice a day for a course of 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the effect of angina pectoris symptom. The secondary outcomes include single angina symptom scores such as number of attacks， duration of attacks， pain intensity and usae of nitroglycerin scores， the total angina symptom score before and after the treatment， the usage of nitroglycerin， the exercise duration in treadmill exercise test （TET） and the Duck treadmill score among patients，the scores of Seattle Angina Questionnaire （SAQ） on five dimensions including physical limitations， anginal stability， anginal frequency， treatment satisfaction， and disease perception， and efficacy of TCM syndrome and of each single TCM symptom after treatment. The safety were evaluated by examine blood routine， urine routine， liver and kidney function， fasting blood sugar， electrocardiogram， adverse events. ResultsThe total effective rate of angina symptom in the treatment group was 71.69% （200/279）， significantly higher than 51.64% （47/91） in the control group （P＜0.01）. The curative and markedly effective rate of TCM syndrome in the treatment group was 53.05% （148/279）， which was significantly higher than 25.27% （23/91） in the control group （P＜0.01）. After treatment， scores of the number as well as duration of angina attacks and pain severity， the total score of angina symptoms， and the usage of nitroglycerin significantly decreased in both groups， and more changes were seen in the treatment group than in the control group； the scores of physical limitations， anginal stability， anginal frequency， treatment satisfaction， and disease perception in both groups significantly increased， and more improvement were shown in the experimental group regarding the anginal stability， anginal frequency and treatment satisfaction （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The effects of chest pain， chest tightness， palpitation， shortness of breath and fatigue in experimental group were significantly higher than those in control group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. There was no significant difference in the exercise duration of treadmill test and Duke score among patients between the two groups either before or after treatment （P＞0.05）. Adverse events occurred in 66 cases （23.66%） of the experimental group and 16 cases （17.58%） of the control group， with no statistical significance between the two groups （P＞0.05）. ConclusionThe Uyghur medicine YDMHP can effectively improve symptoms of angina pectoris， reduce the number， duration， and intensity of attacks， decrease the dosage of nitrogly-cerin and improve the individual TCM symptoms and has good safety in the treatment of SAP patients of qi stagnation and blood stasis.

Background Previous research indicated that isomers and alternatives of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) probably disturb glucose metabolism; however, current epidemiological evidence on the associations of PFAS with fasting blood glucose is inconsistent. Besides, studies on the joint association of multiple components of PFAS and fasting blood glucose as well as the key component are scarce. Objective To evaluate the associations of PFAS isomers and alternatives with fasting blood glucose and their joint effects, as well as identify the key component among population without glucose metabolism problems. Methods We selected 923 adults without glucose metabolism problems or missing data from the Isomers of C8 Health Project in China (2015—2016). Serum PFAS isomers and alternatives and fasting blood glucose were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and automatic biochemical analyzer. We applied multiple linear regression to explore the associations of 16 pollutants which were detected among over 80% participants with fasting blood glucose. Meanwhile, we utilized qgcomp and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models to explore the joint effects of PFAS isomers and alternatives mixture on target outcome indicators and identify the key component. Results The average age among the 923 participants in this study was (62.4±13.8) years old, including 472 men (51.1%) and 451 women (48.9%). Among selected PFAS isomers and alternatives, the highest serum concentration was ∑3+4+5m-PFOS (perfluoro-3/4/5-methylheptanesulfonate) with a median concentration of 10.20 ng·mL⁻¹. The concentrations of linear perfluorooctane sulfonate (n-PFOS, 9.61 ng·mL⁻¹), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 4.55 ng·mL⁻¹), linear perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (n-PFHxS, 2.48 ng·mL⁻¹), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ethersulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA, 1.90 ng·mL⁻¹), perfluoro-6-methylheptanesulfonate (iso-PFOS, 1.85 ng·mL⁻¹), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, 1.81 ng·mL⁻¹), perfluorinated n-nonanoic acid (PFNA, 1.39 ng·mL⁻¹), and perfluoro-1-methylheptanesulfonate (1m-PFOS, 1.27 ng·mL⁻¹) were higher than 1.00 ng·mL⁻¹. After being adjusted for selected confounders, PFAS isomers and alternatives were positively associated with fasting blood glucose. With 1 ln unit concentration increment of 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFNA, the estimated changes of fasting blood glucose were 0.18 (95%CI: 0.13, 0.23) mmol·L⁻¹ and 0.24 (95%CI: 0.18, 0.30) mmol·L⁻¹, respectively. The multi-pollutant models indicated a joint association of PFAS isomers and alternatives mixture with fasting blood glucose. The BKMR models reveals that as the quantiles of mixture elevated from the 50^th to the 75^th percentile, the values of fasting blood glucose increased 0.25 (95%CI: 0.21, 0.30) mmol·L⁻¹, and the posterior inclusion probability of PFNA was 0.92, implying that PFNA was the key component. Conclusion PFAS isomers and alternatives are positively associated with fasting blood glucose. PFNA is the key component of the joint association.

As imaging technology develops rapidly, dynamic and static guided technology is widely used in many medical fields now. In order to improve the success rate, reduce surgical complications and improve future prognosis, domestic and foreign experts have introduced digital navigation technology into apical surgery. With the help of digital navigation technology, apical lesions can be easily located and the scope of osteotomy can be limited, which can make the surgery be completed accurately, especially in complex clinical cases. This study overviews the clinical use and research progress of dynamic and static guided technology in apical surgery, summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of this technique as well as looks forward to its future.
Technology ; Endodontics ; Diagnostic Imaging

Penetrating head injury is a serious open cranial injury. In civilians, it is often caused by non-missile, low velocity flying objects that penetrate the skull through a weak cranial structure, forming intracranial foreign bodies. The intracranial foreign body can be displaced due to its special quality, shape, and location. In this paper, we report a rare case of right-to-left displacement of an airgun lead bullet after transorbital entry into the skull complicated by posttraumatic epilepsy, as a reminder to colleagues that intracranial metal foreign bodies maybe displaced intraoperatively. In addition, we have found that the presence of intracranial metallic foreign bodies may be a factor for the posttraumatic epilepsy, and their timely removal appears to be beneficial for epilepsy control.

Background Studies on the association between greenness exposure and allergic rhinitis (AR) in children are mostly conducted in developed countries, and the conclusion is not consistent. Objective Using street view data to explore the association between greenness exposure and allergic rhinitis (AR) prevalence in Chinese children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 40868 children aged 2-17 years in three cities of Northeast China from 2012 to 2013, which consisted of 20886 (51.1%) boys and 19982 (48.9%) girls. The information of AR prevalence was obtained through questionnaire. Based on downloaded street view images from Tencent Maps, a green view index (GVI) of green vegetation (trees and grass) within 800 m and 1000 m buffer of the participants' schools was calculated by using artificial intelligence, and it was used as a surrogate of the greenness exposure. A mixed-effect logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of AR prevalence in children for per increase of inter-quartile range (IQR) of GVI. In addition, according to ambient PM_2.5 concentration, the participants were divided into a low PM_2.5 exposure group (≤56.23 μg·m⁻³) and a high exposure group (>56.23 μg·m⁻³) to investigate whether PM_2.5 was a modifier on the association between GVI and AR. Results The average age of the subjects was (10.40±3.68) years and 3 963 (9.7%) subjects reported diagnosed AR. Within 800 m buffer, an IQR increase in GVI for trees (IQR=0.031, OR=0.85, 95%CI: 0.81-0.90) and overall greenness (IQR=0.029, OR=0.86, 95%CI: 0.81-0.90) was associated with lower adjusted odds ratio of AR. The interaction between PM_2.5 and GVI was statistically significant (P< 0.1), that is, the negative associations of trees and overall greenness with AR were observed only at low PM_2.5 exposure levels. The sensitivity analysis results of GVI within 1000 m buffer was consistent with that within 800 m buffer. Conclusion Exposure to green vegetation, especially trees, may be associated with decreased risks of AR in children, and such associations may be more obvious in areas with a low PM_2.5 concentration.

Objective: To investigate the incidence and treatment of perioperative anemia in patients with gastrointestinal neoplasms in Hubei Province. Methods: The clinicopathological data of 7 474 patients with gastrointestinal neoplasms in 62 hospitals in 15 cities (state) of Hubei Province in 2019 were collected in the form of network database. There were 4 749 males and 2 725 females. The median age of the patients was 62 years (range: 17 to 96 years). The hemoglobin value of the first time in hospital and the first day after operation was used as the criterion of preoperative anemia and postoperative anemia. Anemia was defined as male hemoglobin <120 g/L and female hemoglobin <110.0 g/L, mild anemia as 90 to normal, moderate anemia as 60 to <90 g/L, severe anemia as <60 g/L. The t test and χ² test were used for inter-group comparison. Results: The overall incidence of preoperative anemia was 38.60%(2 885/7 474), and the incidences of mild anemia, moderate anemia and severe anemia were 25.09%(1 875/7 474), 11.37%(850/7 474) and 2.14%(160/7 474), respectively. The overall incidence of postoperative anemia was 61.40%(4 589/7 474). The incidence of mild anemia, moderate anemia and severe anemia were 48.73%(3 642/7 474), 12.20%(912/7 474) and 0.47%(35/7 474), respectively. The proportion of preoperative anemia patients receiving treatment was 26.86% (775/2 885), and the proportion of postoperative anemia patients receiving treatment was 14.93% (685/4 589). The proportions of preoperative anemia patients in grade ⅢA, grade ⅢB, and grade ⅡA hospitals receiving treatment were 26.12% (649/2 485), 32.32% (85/263), and 29.93% (41/137), and the proportions of postoperative anemia patients receiving treatment were 14.61% (592/4 052), 22.05% (73/331), and 9.71% (20/206). The proportion of intraoperative blood transfusion (16.74% (483/2 885) vs. 3.05% (140/4 589), χ²=434.555, P<0.01) and the incidence of postoperative complications (17.78% (513/2 885) vs. 14.08% (646/4 589), χ²=18.553, P<0.01) in the preoperative anemia group were higher than those in the non-anemia group, and the postoperative hospital stay in the preoperative anemia group was longer than that in the non-anemia group ((14.1±7.3) days vs. (13.3±6.2) days, t=5.202, P<0.01). Conclusions: The incidence of perioperative anemia in patients with gastrointestinal neoplasms is high. Preoperative anemia can increase the demand for intraoperative blood transfusion and affect the short-term prognosis of patients. At present, the concept of standardized treatment of perioperative anemia among gastrointestinal surgeons in Hubei Province needs to be improved.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anemia/epidemiology* ; Blood Transfusion ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/surgery* ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we explored how adiponectin mediated urotensin II (UII)‍-induced tumor necrosis factor-‍α (TNF-‍α) and α‍-smooth muscle actin (α‍-SMA) expression and ensuing intracellular signaling pathways in adventitial fibroblasts (AFs). METHODS: Growth-arrested AFs and rat tunica adventitia of vessels were incubated with UII and inhibitors of signal transduction pathways for 1‍‒‍24 h. The cells were then harvested for TNF-α receptor (TNF-‍α-R) messenger RNA (mRNA) and TNF-‍α protein expression determination by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptor (adipoR) expression was measured by RT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), immunohistochemical analysis, and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) cell proliferation experiments. We then quantified TNF-α and α-SMA mRNA and protein expression levels by qPCR and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to explore the function of the adipoR genes. To investigate the signaling pathway, we applied western blotting (WB) to examine phosphorylation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)‍-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In vivo, an adiponectin (APN)‍-knockout (APN-KO) mouse model mimicking adventitial inflammation was generated to measure TNF-α and α‍-SMA expression by application of qPCR and IF, with the goal of gaining a comprehensive atlas of adiponectin in vascular remodeling. RESULTS: In both cells and tissues, UII promoted TNF-α protein and TNF-α-R secretion in a dose- and time-dependent manner via Rho/protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. We detected marked expression of adipoR1, T-cadherin, and calreticulin as well as a moderate presence of adipoR2 in AFs, while no adiponectin was observed. Globular adiponectin (gAd) fostered the growth of AFs, and acted in concert with UII to induce α-SMA and TNF-α through the adipoR1/T-cadherin/calreticulin/AMPK pathway. In AFs, gAd and UII synergistically induced AMPK phosphorylation. In the adventitial inflammation model, APN deficiency up-regulated the expression of α-SMA, UII receptor (UT), and UII while inhibiting TNF-‍α expression. CONCLUSIONS From the results of our study, we can speculate that UII induces TNF‍-‍α protein and TNF-‍α‍-R secretion in AFs and rat tunica adventitia of vessels via the Rho and PKC signal transduction pathways. Thus, it is plausible that adiponectin is a major player in adventitial progression and could serve as a novel therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease administration.
Mice ; Rats ; Animals ; Adventitia/metabolism* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism* ; Calreticulin/metabolism* ; Vascular Remodeling ; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism* ; Cells, Cultured ; RNA, Messenger/genetics* ; Inflammation