Diabetic kidney disease（DKD） is a chronic kidney structural and functional disorder caused by diabetes. With the global prevalence of diabetes continuing to rise， DKD has gradually become a major cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease（ESRD）， posing a serious threat to patients' quality of life and long-term health outcomes. Studies have shown that apoptosis plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of DKD， with its mechanisms involving abnormal activation of multiple signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptor 4（TLR4）/nuclear transcription factor-κB（NF-κB）/B-cell lymphoma-2（Bcl-2）/cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase（Caspase）-3， protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase（PERK）/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α（eIF2α）/activating transcript factor 4（ATF4）/CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein（CHOP）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase（PI3K）/protein kinase B（Akt）/glycogen synthase kinase-3β（GSK-3β）， Janus kinase 2（JAK2）/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3（STAT3）， adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase（AMPK）/mammalian target of rapamycin（mTOR） and silent information regulator 1（SIRT1）/tumor suppressor protein 53（p53）， thereby accelerating renal pathological damage in DKD. Extensive evidence-based medical studies have confirmed that traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）， leveraging its unique therapeutic advantages of multi-target， multi-component and multi-pathway approaches， has demonstrated remarkable efficacy and favorable safety profiles in treating DKD. Recent studies have demonstrated that active components of TCM can specifically target and modulate key effectors in apoptotic signaling pathways. Meanwhile， traditional compound formulations exert synergistic effects through multiple approaches such as replenishing deficiency and activating blood circulation， detoxifying and dredging collaterals， tonifying kidney essence， and removing stasis and purging turbidity， thereby comprehensively regulating critical pathological processes including endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. This combined therapeutic approach of molecular targeting and holistic regulation provides novel strategies for delaying the progression of DKD. Based on this， this paper provides an in-depth analysis of key apoptotic signaling pathways and their regulatory mechanisms， while systematically summarizing recent research advances regarding the therapeutic effects of TCM active components， compound formulations， and proprietary Chinese medicines on DKD through modulation of these pathways， with particular emphasis on their underlying molecular mechanisms. These findings not only elucidate the modern scientific connotation and theoretical basis of TCM in treating DKD but also establish a solid theoretical and practical foundation for promoting the wider clinical application and further research of TCM in the field of DKD treatment.

OBJECTIVE To formulate an expert consensus on the prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases in railway stations and trains in China,and to standardize the prevention and control of respiratory infec-tious diseases in railway stations and trains scientifically.METHODS The government authorities organized multi-ple prevention and control experts from transportation,medical care and prevention fields to conduct in-depth re-search through methods such as meetings and on-site investigations,and combined with their practical experi-ence in this field to formulate this expert consensus.RESULTS In-depth studies were conducted on the prevention and control strategies,measures and emergency response system construction of respiratory infectious diseases in railway stations and trains,and this expert consensus was formed.CONCLUSION This expert consensus supple-ments improves the existing prevention and control system for respiratory infectious diseases in railway stations and trains,and provides an important reference basis for the prevention and control of respiratory infectious disea-ses in railway stations and trains.

Objective To investigate the longitudinal relationship between sleep duration(SD)and positive youth development(PYD)among primary and secondary school students in Chengdu city using a cross-lagged model,and to provide scientific evidence for enhancing sleep management practices for students.Methods A total of 4061 students of grades 3 through 9 from the Chengdu Child Positive Development Cohort were included in this three-wave longitudinal study.There was a one-year interval between one survey and the following round of survey,and the time points for the baseline,12-month follow-up,and 24-month follow-up surveys were designated T0,T1,and T2.The PYD of the participants was assessed using the Chinese version of the Positive Youth Development Scale.The demographic data and the average daily SD over the past month were collected.Spearman correlation analysis was performed to examine the associations between SD and PYD,and a cross-lagged model was used to investigate the longitudinal relationship between them.Results The average daily SD for the 3 rounds of surveys conducted at T0,T1,and T2 was 9.00(8.04,10.00)hours,10.44(9.67,11.11)hours,and 10.39(9.83,11.00)hours,respectively,while the PYD scores were 5.30(4.73,5.71),5.27(4.73,5.73),and 5.39(4.89,5.77),respectively.Statistical significance was found in the differences of SD and PYD scores across the 3 rounds(P＜0.05).Spearman correlation analysis revealed synchronous correlations between SD and PYD at all three time points(r=0.10 at T0,r=0.18 at T1,and r=0.21 at T2,P＜0.05)and significant lagged correlations(e.g.,r=0.10 for T1-PYD and T2-SD,and likewise,significant correlation was found for the 3 other cross-lagged paths).The cross-lagged model demonstrated that PYD at T0 and T1 positively predicted SD at T1 and T2,respectively(β0-1=0.116[95％CI,0.083-0.150],β1-2=0.097(95％CI,0.067-0.127),P＜0.05),and that SD at T0 and T1 also positively predicted PYD at T1 and T2(β0-1=0.028[95％CI,0-0.056],β1-2=0.042[95％CI,0.010-0.074],P＜0.05).According to these findings,a bidirectional predictive relationship between SD and PYD across different time points was observed in primary and secondary school students.Furthermore,PYD demonstrated better performance for predicting SD than SD did for PYD.Subgroup analysis by sex confirmed the robustness of the predictive power of PYD for SD.Conclusion This study reveals a positive bidirectional predictive relationship between SD and PYD among primary and secondary school students,suggesting that higher levels of PYD may contribute to adequate sleep.These findings provide critical scientific evidence for schools and families to strengthen sleep management and promote the holistic development and well-being of adolescents.

Objective:To investigate the effect of short-term intensive insulin pump therapy on blood glucose control and renal function in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD).Methods:The clinical data of 360 T2DM patients with DKD in Shanxi Bethune Hospital from January 2022 to October 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into an observation group ( n=192; treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion) and a control group ( n=168; treated with conventional hypoglycemic therapy) according to the different treatment modalities; subsequently, 103 pairs of patients entered final analysis by using the propensity score matching method. The differences in glycemic control and improvement of renal function were compared between these two groups. Results:Before the treatment, the blood glucose-, blood glucose fluctuation-, and kidney function-related indicators showed no significant differences between these two groups (all P>0.05). After the treatment, fasting blood glucose, two-hour postprandial blood glucose, and average blood glucose significantly decreased in both groups and were significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group (all P<0.05). In addition, the amplitude of postprandial blood glucose fluctuation, standard deviation of intraday multi-point blood glucose, and difference between the maximum and minimum intraday blood glucose values significantly declined after treatment and were also significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group (all P<0.05). The observation group had a significantly higher total glycemic control rate and a significantly lowr incidence of hypoglycemia (both P<0.05). Finally, the 24-hour urine protein level, serum creatinine level, and urine albumin/creatinine ratio of the observation group significantly dropped after the treatment, and these results were significantly lower than those in the observation group (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Intensive insulin pump therapy benefits T2DM patients with DKD by improving glycemic control and enhancing renal function.

BACKGROUND:Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells release a large amount of exosomes to participate in various pathophysiological processes,but the impact and precise mechanism of exosomes derived from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells on autophagy of hepatic stellate cells have not been fully elucidated.OBJECTIVE:To explore the targeted regulatory effect and molecular mechanism of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on autophagy of hepatic stellate cells through miR-15a-5p.METHODS:Adipose tissue was collected from inguinal region of 8-week male C57BL/6 mice.Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells were extracted by collagenase digestion.Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes were extracted by ultracentrifugation.Mouse liver tissue was obtained,and hepatic stellate cells were isolated and extracted using collagenase perfusion digestion and density gradient centrifugation.The experiment was divided into two groups.In control group,hepatic stellate cells were cultured alone for 48 hours.In the exosome group,hepatic stellate cells were co-cultured with adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for 48 hours.The effects of exosomes on hepatic stellate cell proliferation,activation,autophagy,and expression of fibrosis markers were detected by western blot assay,RT-qPCR,and immunofluorescence staining.RT-qPCR and western blot assay were used to detect the effect of exosomes on the mRNA and protein expression of miR-15a-5p and the downstream signaling pathway Bcl-2,Beclin-1,and Rubicon in hepatic stellate cells.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Compared with the control group,the ratio of autophagy markers LC3-Ⅱ expression decreased,the number of autophagosome was also significantly decreased,and the intracellular lipid droplets were regenerated,simultaneously,cell volume diminished with the weakening of proliferation in hepatic stellate cells of the exosome group,indicated that the hepatic stellate cell activation was significantly inhibited.(2)Compared with the control group,the expressions of α-smooth actin and type Ⅰ collagen were significantly decreased(P＜0.01),and the expression of miR-15a-5p was significantly increased in hepatic stellate cells of the exosome group(P＜0.01).At the same time,the expression of its downstream target gene Bcl-2 was significantly decreased(P＜0.01),while the expressions of autophagy genes Beclin-1 and Rubicon were significantly increased in hepatic stellate cells of the exosome group(P＜0.01).The results indicate that adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes inhibits the expression of Bcl-2 in hepatic stellate cells by targeting miR-15a-5p and increases the expression of downstream autophagy genes Beclin-1 and Rubicon,thereby inhibiting the autophagy of hepatic stellate cells.

Urothelial carcinoma (UC), including bladder urothelial carcinoma and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), is the most common malignant tumor in the urinary system. Traditional cell line models fall short in simulating its tumor microenvironment and in vivo behavior. Patient-derived organoid (PDO) models offer a new way to overcome these shortcomings. This paper reviews the construction techniques of PDO models in UC, their biological simulation capabilities, and their applications in preclinical research. It also analyzes the technical limitations of these models. PDO models can retain the histological, genomic, and transcriptomic features of the parent tumor and accurately simulate the tumor microenvironment and biological behavior. They have been widely used in bladder cancer research, providing a precise platform for drug screening, personalized treatment, and immunotherapy evaluation. However, their use in UTUC research is still in its infancy. In the future, through technological optimization, PDO models are expected to enhance their value in UC research, advancing precision medicine research and clinical translation.

Objective:To investigate the clinical outcomes of nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for tuberous sclerosis complex(TSC) -associated renal angiomyolipoma (RAML). Methods:This retrospective case-series study analyzed the clinical data of 15 TSC-RAML patients who underwent NSS at the Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital between April 2013 and July 2024. The cohort included 4 males and 11 females. The age at TSC diagnosis was (28.5±14.5) years (range: 5 to 62 years), and the age at first surgery was (33.3±10.8) years (range: 18 to 62 years). The maximum tumor diameter( M(IQR)) was 6.4(7.9)cm (range: 3.5 to 31.5 cm). Patient baseline characteristics, surgical approach, TSC-RAML staging, imaging findings, and laboratory data were collected. Relationships between variables were analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equations with post-hoc tests. Results:A total of 18 surgical procedures were performed on the 15 patients. These included 7 open surgeries, 9 laparoscopic surgeries, and 2 laparoscopic procedures converted to open surgery. The mean preoperative serum creatinine level was (70.2±14.2) μmol/L (range: 50 to 101 μmol/L), which increased to (99.2±29.8) μmol/L (range: 47 to 171 μmol/L) on postoperative day 1. However, at one year postoperatively, serum creatinine was (76.8±13.5)μmol/L (range: 55 to 106 μmol/L),showed no significant difference from preoperative levels ( P>0.05). At the 6-month postoperative follow-up, the Utrecht Interventional Classification stage for all treated tumors had decreased to grade 1 or 2. At the 12-month follow-up (available for 13 patients), 11 patients showed no disease progression. Conclusions:NSS is a viable treatment option for rigorously selected patients with high-stage TSC-RAML. Although NSS causes transient renal function impairment, it provides effective tumor burden control. In stringently selected patients with high-stage disease and under long-term follow-up, NSS is associated with limited long-term renal impairment.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of a domestically developed robotic surgical system based on fiber-optic dedicated line communication in cross-regional urological telesurgery.Methods:This was multicenter，single-arm，retrospective case series study. The data of patients who underwent urological telesurgeries using the telesurgical system between January 2023 and December 2024 were analyzed. The cohort included 59 patients from seven hospitals across China. Among the patients，47 were male（79.7%）and 12 were female（20.3%），with a median age of 63.0（56.0，68.0）years and a body mass index of（24.7 ± 3.0）kg/m 2. Surgical procedures included 32 radical prostatectomies，24 partial nephrectomies，one radical nephrectomy，one adrenalectomy，and one ureteral reconstruction. The perioperative indicators，pathological results and postoperative complications were analyzed. The network monitoring data were collected，and the perioperative data of patients，remote system monitoring data and costs were compared between the two communication modes of optical transport network（OTN）and cloud-connect network（CCN）. Results:All 59 remote surgeries were successfully completed，with a mean operative time of（138.0 ± 54.0）minutes，median intraoperative blood loss of 50.0（30.0，100.0）ml and a postoperative hospital stay of 5.0（4.0，6.0）days. No cases required reoperation，Clavien-Dindo grade ≥3 complications，or readmission. The geographical distance between the primary and remote surgical sites ranged from 450 to 2 800 km. Network monitoring revealed increased bidirectional latency with distance increasing：the shortest latency time（Hefei-Hangzhou，450 km）was（16.59 ± 0.80）ms，while the longest（Harbin-Hangzhou，2 200 km）latency time was（53.31 ± 0.31）ms. Average frame loss per procedure was 0?1.27 frames. The results of subgroup analysis comparing OTN and CCN communication modes showed no significant differences in operative time［（130.7 ± 70.5）minutes vs.（142.1 ± 42.9）minutes， P = 0.442］，postoperative hospitalization［6.0（4.0，8.0）d vs. 5.0（4.0，6.0）d， P = 0.581］，or readmission rates（0 vs. 0）. However，CCN demonstrated significant cost advantages with 500 RMB per operation vs. 3 000 RMB per operation for OTN. Conclusions:Urological telesurgery using fiber-optic communication is feasible. The CCN mode，with its cost-effectiveness，excellent usability，and multi-point interconnection flexibility，is currently the preferred communication model for telesurgical applications.

A 67-year-old male had undergone bilateral lung transplantation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 11 months before the current presentation. He was admitted with a 5-day history of cough with sputum, and a 2-day history of fever. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest revealed rapidly progressive bilateral diffuse "ground glass" opacities. Despite anti-infective therapy and methylprednisolone pulse therapy, his condition deteriorated, necessitating endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO) for life support. A bedside cryobiopsy was undertaken, with pathology confirming the organizing pneumonia diagnosis. Comprehensive treatment was continued: methylprednisolone, tacrolimus for immunosuppression, and prophylactic anti-infectives. His partial pressure of oxygen in the blood by the fraction of inspired oxygen ratio and imaging findings improved gradually. ECMO support was discontinued after 2 weeks, and he was discharged 1-month later, resuming normal daily activities. At 2-month follow-up, he exhibited improved exercise tolerance. Chest CT showed bilateral upper-lobe emphysema (predominantly upper-lobe reticular shadows) and significant bilateral upper-lobe pleural thickening. After 12 months of fllow-up, a diagnosis of chronic lung allograft dysfunction was made based on imaging findings and the trajectory of pulmonary function.