The structure and size of the chloroplast genome of Castanopsis hystrix was determined by Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing platform to understand the difference between C. hystrix and the chloroplast genome of the same genus, and the evolutionary position of C. hystrix in the genus, so as to facilitate species identification, genetic diversity analysis and resource conservation of the genus. Bioinformatics analysis was used to perform sequence assembly, annotation and characteristic analysis. R, Python, MISA, CodonW and MEGA 6 bioinformatics software were used to analyze the genome structure and number, codon bias, sequence repeats, simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and phylogeny. The genome size of C. hystrix chloroplast was 153 754 bp, showing tetrad structure. A total of 130 genes were identified, including 85 coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. According to codon bias analysis, the average number of effective codons was 55.5, indicating that the codons were highly random and low in bias. Forty-five repeats and 111 SSR loci were detected by SSR and long repeat fragment analysis. Compared with the related species, chloroplast genome sequences were highly conserved, especially the protein coding sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. hystrix is closely related to the Hainanese cone. In summary, we obtained the basic information and phylogenetic position of the chloroplast genome of red cone, which will provide a preliminary basis for species identification, genetic diversity of natural populations and functional genomics research of C. hystrix.
Phylogeny ; Genome, Chloroplast ; Codon/genetics* ; Genomics ; Chloroplasts/genetics*

Objective: To investigate the effect of isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) targeted nanoparticles on inflammatory factors of sinusitis by establishing a rabbit model of rhinosinusitis. Methods: Thirty healthy rabbits, male and female, weighing 2.5-3.5 kg, were randomly divided into 6 groups with 5 rabbits in each group. Group A was the control group. The model of rabbit sinusitis was established in group B to F, and CT was used to confirm the model was successful. After placing tubes into the maxillary sinus in the group C to F, saline, 45 mg/ml ISMN, 45 mg/ml ISMN nanoparticles and 45 mg/ml ISMN targeted nanoparticles were used to wash the maxillary sinus, respectively. Blood samples were collected from the ear vein of rabbits on day 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after modeling respectively. Changes in the expression levels of inflammatory factors in rabbits during the modeling process and after drug washing were detected by ELISA. After the drug intervention, the maxillary sinus mucosa was taken for real-time quantitative PCR to detect the changes in the mRNA level of inflammatory factors. SPSS 22.0 software was used to process the data. Results: Rabbit model of sinusitis was successfully established. ELISA showed that after the action of ISMN targeted nanoparticles of 1 week (42th day after modeling), the levels of (interleukin, IL) 4, IL-8, IL-17A and interferon γ (IFN-γ) in the blood were lower compared with that of 35th day after modeling, the difference was statistically significant (5.57±1.20 vs 19.73±0.68, 66.41±11.87 vs 154.68±13.13, 17.96±1.87 vs 28.23±0.80, 53.56±5.66 vs 111.93±7.29, all P<0.05). Compared with the ISMN nanoparticles and ISMN, the ISMN targeted nanoparticles reduced the levels of IL-4, IL-8, IL-17A and IFN-γ more obviously, the differences were statistically significant (13.26±1.43 vs 8.81±1.33 vs 7.14±2.16, 89.47±17.80 vs 41.07±7.77 vs 15.84±3.72, 10.28±2.07 vs 3.06±1.62 vs 1.82±0.90, 62.16±6.18 vs 35.12±4.62 vs 27.89±10.18, all P<0.05). Real-Time PCR showed that after the flushing of ISMN targeted nanoparticles, the levels of IL-4, IL-8, IL-17A and IFN-γ mRNA were lowest compared with that of the model group, ISMN nanoparticles and ISMN group. Conclusion ISMN targeted nanoparticles can reduce the level of inflammatory factors in rabbit sinusitis model.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To observe the treatment effect and its immune regulation of human amnion epithelial cells ( hAECs) on Alzheimer’ s disease ( AD)-like pathology rat model.METHODS: The hAECs were isolated from amnion with trypsin digestion, and the phenotype of hAECs was analyzed by flow cytometry.SD rats ( n=48) were randomly divid-ed into sham control group, model group, medium group and hAECs group.AD-like pathology rat model was induced by bilateral intraventricular injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS).hAECs (5 ×105) were injected into the hippocampus of the AD-like pathology rats.At 2 weeks after transplantation, the animals were tested by Morris water maze to observe the function of learning and memory.The pathological change of the brain was observed by HE staining.The expression of am-yloid β-protein 42 (Aβ42) and Tau protein and the level of acetylcholine (ACh) in the injury brain were determined by immunohistochemistry.The survival and differentiation of hAECs in the hippocampus were measured by immunofluorescent technique.The percentages of lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed by flow cytome-try.The contents of serum cytokines were detected by cytometric bead array.RESULTS:Compared with model group and medium group, hAECs group showed shortened escape latency ( P<0.01) , increased frequency of going through the plat-form (P<0.05), reduced loss of hippocampal neurons, decreased expression of Tau protein and Aβ42 in the hippocampus (P<0.05), increased ACh level in the hippocampus (P<0.05), decreased percentages of Th1 and Th17 subsets, in-creased percentages of Th2 and Treg cells ( P<0.05) , decreased concentrations of IFN-γand IL-2 in the serum, and in-creased concentration of IL-4 ( P<0.05 ) .CONCLUSION: hAECs improve the cognitive learning and memory function and alleviate pathologic damage of hippocampus through immune regulation in AD-like pathology rats.

Objective To observe multiple metabolic changes within one year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to evaluate the index of the gastric bypass surgery and the determination of applicable population. Methods The clinical and laboratory data before and after surgery in 112 patients diagnosed as type 2 diabetes mellitus by RYGB were included in this study. According to BMI, these patients were divided into two groups: normal group (≤ 25kg/m2), and the overweight group (> 25 kg/m2). The physiologic and biochemical indexes of the patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 12 months, respectively. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS17.0 software. Results Compared with the preoperative period, the levels of HbA1c and HOMA-IR in the postoperative period were significantly increased in the two groups. Principal component analysis showed that the postoperatively contributions of BMI and HbA1c in 6 months was bigger than that of the other indexes, while HOMA-β, HOMA-IR had larger contributions after 6-month postoperative period. Conclusion Various metabolic indexes in patients with type 2 diabetes improve significantly within one year after surgery, and the complete remission rate is gradually increased. The indexes including weight, blood glucose, serum lipids, HOMA-βand HOMA-IR in overweight and obese group have more significant improvements than those in normal group. Obese patients are more appropriate for the surgical treatment. The indexes, such as BMI, HbA1c,HOMA-βand HOMA-IR, should help to evaluate the operating effectiveness and preoperative indications.