Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction syndrome caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Septic acute kidney injury (SAKI) is one of the most common complications of sepsis, and the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) indicates that the patient's condition is critical with a poor prognosis. The traditional view holds that the main mechanism of SAKI is the reduction of renal blood flow, inadequate renal perfusion, inflammatory response, and microcirculatory dysfunction caused by sepsis, which subsequently leads to ischemia and necrosis of renal tubular cells. Recent research findings indicate that processes such as autophagy and other forms of programmed cell death play an increasingly important role. Autophagy is a programmed intracellular degradation process and is a form of programmed cell death. Cells degrade their cytoplasmic components via lysosomes, breaking down and recycling intracellular constituents to meet their metabolic needs, maintain intracellular homeostasis, and renew organelles. During SAKI, autophagy plays a crucial protective role through various mechanisms, including regulating inflammation and immune responses, clearing damaged organelles, and maintaining stability in the intracellular environment. In recent years, the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis and treatment of SAKI has received widespread attention. Research has confirmed that various intracellular signaling pathways and signaling molecules targeting autophagy [such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, and Sirtuins (SIRT), autophagy associated factor Beclin-1, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)] are involved in the development of SAKI. Due to the complex pathogenesis of SAKI, current treatment strategies include fluid management, infection control, maintenance of internal environment balance, and renal replacement therapy; however, the mortality remains high. In recent years, it has been found that autophagy plays a critical protective role in sepsis-mediated AKI. As a result, an increasing number of drugs are being developed to alleviate SAKI by regulating autophagy. This article reviews the latest advances in the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis and treatment of SAKI, with the aim of providing insights for the development of new drugs for SAKI patients.
Humans ; Acute Kidney Injury/etiology* ; Autophagy ; Sepsis/complications* ; Signal Transduction

Objective To investigate the effect of acute cold stimulation on the staufen1-mediated mRNA decay(SMD)pathway in brown adipose tissue of mice and the downstream regulated target genes.Methods Mice were subjected to acute cold stimulation(CS)at 4℃.After 48 hours,the brown adipose tissue of mice was extracted to detect the expression of genes including as Stau1,Ucp1 and Pparγ,and compared with mice in room temperature control group(RT).Transcriptomic sequencing was performed on the brown adipose tissue of mice in the CS group and in the RT group,and the functional enrichment analysis of differential genes was performed on the sequencing re-sults.The Stau1 gene was knocked out in the brown adipocytes of mice using CRISPR-Cas9 technology,and the ex-pression of thermogenic genes after knockout was analyzed.Results Acute cold stimulation induced the expression of Stau1 gene and promoted the degradation of downstream target genes Serpineb1,Klf2 and c-Jun in the SMD pathway(P＜0.05).After Stau1 knockout,the glycolipid metabolism pathway of brown adipocytes in mice was significantly up-regulated,and the expression of thermogenesis-related genes Ucp1,Prdm16,ATP5o,Dio2 and Pgc1α was up-regulated(P＜0.05).Conclusions Acute cold stimulation promotes the SMD pathway in brown adipose tissue of mice,and SMD pathway mainly regulates the metabolic and thermogenic pathways in brown adipocytes.

The "Top 10 drug tips for the public in 2023" issued by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association emphasizes the importance of drinking water correctly to the safety and efficacy of drugs. Each drug has an optimal amount of drinking water, and only the appropriate amount can ensure the efficacy and avoid adverse reactions. According to UpToDate clinical consultant, Micromedex, MCDEX evidence-based databases and the drug labels of the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency, a total of 164 drugs in 20 categories, including drugs for metabolism and endocrine system, anti-infective drugs, anti-tumor drugs, etc., were labeled with the recommendation of adequate water intake. Here we summarize the above-mentioned drugs and their recommended water intake. The common reasons to drink enough water include preventing esophageal and gastric injury, preventing kidney injury, preventing dehydration, water and electrolyte disorders, preventing constipation, reducing bladder toxicity, reducing radiation damage, and promoting stone discharge. In addition, different people have different requirements for the amount of water when taking medicine. Mastering the correct amount of water is conducive to controlling the disease and reducing the adverse drug events.

The "Top 10 drug tips for the public in 2023" issued by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association emphasizes the importance of drinking water correctly to the safety and efficacy of drugs. Each drug has an optimal amount of drinking water, and only the appropriate amount can ensure the efficacy and avoid adverse reactions. According to UpToDate clinical consultant, Micromedex, MCDEX evidence-based databases and the drug labels of the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency, a total of 164 drugs in 20 categories, including drugs for metabolism and endocrine system, anti-infective drugs, anti-tumor drugs, etc., were labeled with the recommendation of adequate water intake. Here we summarize the above-mentioned drugs and their recommended water intake. The common reasons to drink enough water include preventing esophageal and gastric injury, preventing kidney injury, preventing dehydration, water and electrolyte disorders, preventing constipation, reducing bladder toxicity, reducing radiation damage, and promoting stone discharge. In addition, different people have different requirements for the amount of water when taking medicine. Mastering the correct amount of water is conducive to controlling the disease and reducing the adverse drug events.