Objective:In carbon ion treatment planning of water phantom, establish a conversion factor calculation system and conversion factor curves for organs at risk (OAR) for microdosimetric kinetic models (MKM) and local effect models (LEM), and validate them in clinical patient planning.Methods:Using a uniform spherical water phantom as the research object, relative biological effectiveness-weighted doses (RWD) for the LEM were re-calculated based on the physical dose of RayStation-MKM. The median dose within the planning target volume (PTV) of LEM and MKM was regarded as the conversion factor. The impacts of single-fraction target prescription dose, spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) width and depth, shape, and irradiation mode on the conversion factor were assessed, and a conversion factor calculation system was established. Additionally, the accuracy of the conversion factor calculation system was validated using both water phantoms and clinical patient cases. The conversion factor curves for OAR were computed based on clinical patient treatment plans.Results:The primary influencing factors for the conversion factors were the single-fraction prescription dose, target SOBP width and depth. The conversion factors were increased with the increase of SOBP width and target depth, whereas decreased with the increase of the single-fraction prescription dose. Under single-field irradiation, a conversion factor calculation system was established based on above 3 parameters. For the plans of 9 patients, the average difference between the calculated results and the conversion factor calculation system was 0.340% ± 0.203%, and the average difference in the conversion curves for OAR was 2.650% ± 2.399%.Conclusion:A dose conversion factor calculation system and conversion factor curves for OAR for carbon ion radiotherapy are established for MKM and LEM, and their accuracy meets the requirements for use in clinical patient treatment plans.

Objective:In carbon ion treatment planning of water phantom, establish a conversion factor calculation system and conversion factor curves for organs at risk (OAR) for microdosimetric kinetic models (MKM) and local effect models (LEM), and validate them in clinical patient planning.Methods:Using a uniform spherical water phantom as the research object, relative biological effectiveness-weighted doses (RWD) for the LEM were re-calculated based on the physical dose of RayStation-MKM. The median dose within the planning target volume (PTV) of LEM and MKM was regarded as the conversion factor. The impacts of single-fraction target prescription dose, spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) width and depth, shape, and irradiation mode on the conversion factor were assessed, and a conversion factor calculation system was established. Additionally, the accuracy of the conversion factor calculation system was validated using both water phantoms and clinical patient cases. The conversion factor curves for OAR were computed based on clinical patient treatment plans.Results:The primary influencing factors for the conversion factors were the single-fraction prescription dose, target SOBP width and depth. The conversion factors were increased with the increase of SOBP width and target depth, whereas decreased with the increase of the single-fraction prescription dose. Under single-field irradiation, a conversion factor calculation system was established based on above 3 parameters. For the plans of 9 patients, the average difference between the calculated results and the conversion factor calculation system was 0.340% ± 0.203%, and the average difference in the conversion curves for OAR was 2.650% ± 2.399%.Conclusion:A dose conversion factor calculation system and conversion factor curves for OAR for carbon ion radiotherapy are established for MKM and LEM, and their accuracy meets the requirements for use in clinical patient treatment plans.

Objective To explore the clinical value of preoperative Glasgow-Blatchford score(GBS)and AIMS65 score in predicting the prognosis of patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding after receiving interventional treatment.Methods The clinical data of 59 patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding,who received transcatheter arterial embolization(TAE)at the Department of Interventional Vascular Surgery,Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of China between 2018 and 2021,were collected.The clinical value of GBS and AIMS65 score in predicting patient's outcome was analyzed.Results With the preoperative GBS and AIMS65 scores increasing,the mortality also increased.Compared with AIMS65 score(AUC=0.630,0.95％CI:0.494-0.752),GBS(AUC=0.823,95％CI:0.702-0.910)had a higher predictive value for postoperative in-hospital death in patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding after receiving interventional treatment.With a GBS cutoff＞9 points,the Youden index for predicting in-hospital death was 0.54.Conclusion In predicting the postoperative in-hospital death for patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding after receiving TAE,the clinical value of the preoperative GBS score is higher than that of AIMS65 score.

Objective:To observe the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) caused by lupus nephritis, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) - associated vasculitis, or primary glomerulonephritis who were treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) and then withdrew PD because of renal recovery.Methods:Data of the above patients were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were diagnosed as RPGN and received PD therapy in Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University from February 2009 to August 2018. The patients were divided into early withdrawal group (PD time≤183 days, n=24) and late withdrawal group (PD time>183 day, n=24). The differences of clinical characteristics between the two groups were compared. The cumulative incidence of adverse events in both groups was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the risk factors influencing the prognosis of patients. Results:Forty-eight RPGN patients were included. The median time of maintaining PD was 178(76, 378) days. Compared with the late withdrawal group, the patients in early withdrawal group had lower levels of urine volume, serum albumin and parathyroid hormone, and lower rates of gross hematuria and hypertension at the beginning of PD, and received higher rates of methylprednisolone impulse, combined immunosuppressive agents, and hemodialysis or continuous renal replacement therapy (all P<0.05). At the time of PD withdrawal, the levels of serum creatinine, serum calcium, serum albumin and parathyroid hormone in the early withdrawal group were significantly lower than those in the late withdrawal group (all P<0.05). The Kaplan-Meier curves showed that there was no significant difference in the cumulative survival of patients in both groups (log-rank test χ2=3.485, P=0.062). Cox regression analysis revealed serum creatinine≥209 μmol/L at the time of PD withdrawal was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis ( HR=5.253, 95% CI 1.757-15.702, P=0.003). Conclusions:PD can be used for RPGN patients caused by lupus nephritis, ANCA-associated vasculitis and primary nephritis. Serum creatinine≥209 μmol/L at the time of PD withdrawal is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis.

Objective To investigate the effects of serum uric acid (SUA) on all?cause death and cardiovascular death in patients of maintaining peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods One thousand and sixty?three PD patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College were included. The SUA levels at 6 months after PD start were measured. Patients with SUA≥420 μmol/L were grouped in hyperuricemia group (492 cases) and patients with SUA<420 μmol/L were grouped in normal uric acid group (571 cases). The effects on all ? cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were retrospectively analyzed. Results The median age of the patients was 51(41, 62) years; 557 cases were male (52.40％); the median follow?up time was 33(20, 54) months (6?96 months); 167 cases (15.71％) died during the follow?up period, including 64 cases (6.02％) withcardiovascular causes. The mortality in hyperuricemia group was 19.11％(94/492) and the cardiovascular mortality was 7.93％(39/492), both rates were higher than those in normal uric acid group, and the differences were statistically significant (P=0.005, P=0.015, respectively). Hyperuricemia (SUA≥420μmol/L) at 6 months after PD start (HR=1.572, 95％CI 1.155-2.141, P=0.004), high uric acid level (continuous variable) at 6 months after PD start (HR=1.002, 95％CI 1.001-1.004, P=0.008), and age≥65 years (HR=3.571, 95％CI 2.556-4.990, P<0.001), serum albumin≤30 g/L (HR=1.907, 95％CI 1.278-2.845, P=0.002), high Charlson comorbidity index (HR=1.209, 95％CI 1.032-1.417, P=0.019) at the beginning of PD start were independent risk factors for all ? causes death in PD patients. Hyperuricemia (SUA≥420 μmol/L) at 6 months after PD start (HR=1.734, 95％CI 1.033-2.912, P=0.037) and age≥65 years (HR=1.761, 95％CI 1.024-3.209, P=0.041), with diabetes (HR=2.775, 95％CI 1.358-5.671, P=0.005) at the beginning of PD start were independent risk factors for cardiovascular death in PD patients. Conclusions SUA at 6 months after PD is an independent risk factor for all?cause death and cardiovascular death in PD patients.

Objective To evaluate the curative effect of percutaneous puncturing drainage in treating liver abscess,to analyze the factors affecting curative effect,and to discuss the methods ior reducing mortality and complication rate as well as for shortening hospitalization time.Methods Clinical data of 121 patients with liver abscess,who were admitted to authors' hospital during the period from January 2011 to January 2016,were retrospectively analyzed.For the patients with confirmed liver abscess,adequate antiinfective therapy was adopted,at the same time CT scan was performed to evaluate the liquefaction of lesion,and under CT guidance percutaneous puncturing drainage was carried out.The mortality,complication rate,hospitalization time and the factors affecting curative effect were analyzed.Results A total of 121 patients with liver abscess were enrolled in this study.Two patients died after percutaneous puncturing drainage,the mortality was 1.6％.The factors affecting mortality included old age,underlying disease,the diameter and solid components of abscess.Two patients developed peripheral hepatic abscess and abdominal wall abscess,the complication rate was 1.6％,and clinical cure was achieved after active treatment in these two patients.The main factor affecting complication rate was inappropriate surgical manipulation.Clinical cure was achieved in all 119 patients,with a cure rate of 98.3％,and the average hospitalization time was (15.1±6.0)days.The risk factors that affected hospitalization time included the number of abscess X6 (r=0.232,P=0.021),abscess size X7 (r=0.26,P=0.005) and white blood cell count X8 (r=0.238,P=0.009).Multiple linear regression equation analysis indicated that statistically significant correlation existed between the above influence factors and hospitalization time (P＜0.05).The multiple regression equation was as follows:Y=-3.438+3.055X6+0.527X7+0.297X8,F=5.819,R2=0.416.No statistically significant correlation existed between the hospitalization time and other factors,including gender,age,diabetes mellitus,pathogenic bacteria and location of abscess (P＞0.05).Conclusion Percutaneous puncturing drainage is an effective treatment for liver abscess,it carries lower mortality and lower complication rate,and its hospitalization time is short.(J Intervent Radiol,2017,

Objective To investigate the risk factors and prognosis of peritoneal dialysis (PD)related bacterial peritonitis.Methods The clinical data of patients with PD related bacterial peritonitis from January 2006 to September 2016 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed and followed up until December 2016.Patients were divided into two groups according to the frequency of peritonitis,single episode group and multiple episodes group (no less than two episodes of peritonitis).According to efficacy of therapy,the episodes of peritonitis were divided into two groups,cured group (no relapse,recurrence or repeat episodes) and failure group (relapse,recurrent or repeat infection after the therapy of initial episode).Logistic regression and Cox regression were used to analyze the risk factors for outcomes.Results Five hundred and fifty-nine patients had PD related bacterial peritonitis,including 339 patients in the single episode group and 220 patients in the multiple episodes group.Logistic analysis showed low serum albumin level (OR=787,P ＜ 0.001) and malnutrition (OR=0.422,P ＜ 0.001) at baseline were independent risk factors for multiple episodes (P ＜ 0.001).The technical survival was better in the single episode group than that in the multiple episodes group (75.2％ vs 36.2％,P=0.001) while the difference of survival rate was not significant between the two groups (48.2％ vs 24.1％,P=0.592).Five hundred and thirteen episodes of peritonitis were analyzed,including 147 episodes in failure group (88 relapse episodes,16 recurrent episodes and 43 repeat episodes) and 366 episodes in cured group.There were 78 patients in failure group and 253 patients in cured group.Logistic analysis showed prolonged response time (OR=1.200,P ＜ 0.001),Gram-positive bacteria infection (OR=1.736,P=0.022),higher hs-CRP level (OR=1.004,P=0.013),lower serum albumin level (OR=0.936,P=0.008) were independent risk factors for failure of therapy.Multivariate Cox regression showed prolonged response time (HR=1.120,P=0.032),Gram-positive bacteria infection (HR=2.462,P=0.002),higher hs-CRP level (HR=1.007,P=0.009) were independent risk factors for failure of therapy and higher serum albumin level (HR=0.942,P=0.048) was an independent protection factor.Conclusions Low serum albumin level and malnutrition at baseline are independent risk factors for patients with multiple peritonitis episodes.Prolonged response time,Gram-positive bacteria infection,the high hs-CRP level are independent risk factors for relapse or recurrent or repeat episodes while high serum albumin level was an independent protection factor.

Objective To summarize the risk factors, the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and the outcomes of the ruptured primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) occurred after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in order to make a further understanding of this complication. Methods The clinical data of 8 patients with ruptured PHC after TACE, who were encountered at the First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University during the period from Sep. 2007 to Sep. 2013, were retrospectively analyzed. Results A total of 1379 times of TACE were performed in 678 patients with PHC. Among the 678 patients, 8 developed rupture of PHC with bleeding after TACE. The overall incidence was 1.2%. The mean diameter of the tumors in the 8 patients was (11.5 ± 2.6) cm, ranging from 7.6 cm to 15.9 cm. All the lesions were located at the peripheral region close to the liver capsule, and most of them protruded outward. Five cases had coexisting portal hypertension. The average dosage of Lipiodol used in TACE was (14.9 ± 4.5) ml with a range of (8 - 20) ml. Of the 8 patients, emergency transcatheter embolization was carried out in 4 and medical management was employed in other 4. Seven patients died as all active emergency treatments failed. Only one patient, who had received emergency transcatheter embolization, survived the ruptured PHC. Conclusion Rupture of primary hepatocellular carcinoma after TACE is a rare, but very serious complication. Its occurrence may be related to lesion’s characteristics, such as large tumor size, superficial location and protrusion from the liver surface, etc. Besides, interventional management, e.g. without use of solid embolic material to enhance the embolization effect, may also be responsible for the rupture.

The fine structure of enoxaparin sodium samples with different degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives were analyzed with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A further study of anticoagulation activity of enoxaparins was performed, including those on their inhibition activities of coagulation factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin (FIIa). The results showed that the anti-FXa and -FIIa activities of enoxaparins with different degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives (20.0%-39.7%) with similar structure characteristics, had decreasing tendency when the degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives increased. Especially, the anti-FXa activity was sensitive to the change of the degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives.