Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in healthcare facilities in major regions of China in 2023.Methods Clinical isolates collected from 73 hospitals across China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2023 Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints.Results A total of 445199 clinical isolates were collected in 2023,of which 29.0％ were gram-positive and 71.0％ were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi) (MRSA,MRSE and MRCNS) was 29.6％,81.9％ and 78.5％,respectively.Methicillin-resistant strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents than methicillin-susceptible strains (MSSA,MSSE and MSCNS).Overall,92.9％ of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 91.4％ of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis had significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 93.1％ in the isolates from children and and 95.9％ in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 15.0％ for most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,22.5％ and 23.6％ of which were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively .Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.6％ to 10.0％.The resistance rate to imipenem and meropenem was 21.9％ and 17.4％ for Pseudomonas aeruginosa,respectively,and 67.5％ and 68.1％ for Acinetobacter baumannii,respectively.Conclusions Increasing resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still observed in clinical bacterial isolates.However,the prevalence of important crabapenem-resistant organisms such as crabapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a slightly decreasing trend.This finding suggests that strengthening bacterial resistance surveillance and multidisciplinary linkage are important for preventing the occurrence and development of bacterial resistance.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in healthcare facilities in major regions of China in 2023.Methods Clinical isolates collected from 73 hospitals across China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2023 Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints.Results A total of 445199 clinical isolates were collected in 2023,of which 29.0％ were gram-positive and 71.0％ were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi) (MRSA,MRSE and MRCNS) was 29.6％,81.9％ and 78.5％,respectively.Methicillin-resistant strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents than methicillin-susceptible strains (MSSA,MSSE and MSCNS).Overall,92.9％ of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 91.4％ of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis had significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 93.1％ in the isolates from children and and 95.9％ in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 15.0％ for most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,22.5％ and 23.6％ of which were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively .Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.6％ to 10.0％.The resistance rate to imipenem and meropenem was 21.9％ and 17.4％ for Pseudomonas aeruginosa,respectively,and 67.5％ and 68.1％ for Acinetobacter baumannii,respectively.Conclusions Increasing resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still observed in clinical bacterial isolates.However,the prevalence of important crabapenem-resistant organisms such as crabapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a slightly decreasing trend.This finding suggests that strengthening bacterial resistance surveillance and multidisciplinary linkage are important for preventing the occurrence and development of bacterial resistance.

Objective:To investigate the effects of regional citrate anticoagulation in continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) of severe burn patients.Methods:A retrospective non-randomized controlled study was conducted. From January 2017 to August 2020, sixty-eight severe burn patients who met the inclusion criteria were treated with CVVH in Affiliated Hospital of Nankai University. According to the different methods of blood anticoagulation in CVVH treatment, patients were divided into citrate group ( n=40) and heparin group ( n=28). In the citrate group, 32 males and 8 females were (40±18) years old with total burn area of (62±14)% total body surface area (TBSA); in the heparin group, 22 males and 6 females were (38±16) years old with total burn area of (57±20)%TBSA. Creatinine level, C-reactive protein (CRP) value, and urea nitrogen level in serum of patients were recorded at 0 (immediately), 48, and 96 h after CVVH treatment in 2 groups, urea clearance index was calculated based on urea nitrogen level at 0, 48, and 96 h after CVVH treatment in 2 groups, platelet count (PLT), prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in total coagulation of patients were recorded. The frequency of forced hemofiltration termination caused by adverse reactions such as severe hypocalcemia, aggravated wound bleeding, and new bleeding on non-wound surface of patients was recorded within 96 h of CVVH treatment. The duration of daily CVVH use from the beginning to the end was recorded. Data were statistically analyzed with chi-square test, analysis of variance for repeated measurement, independent samples t test, and Bonferroni correction. Results:There were no significant differences in urea nitrogen level, creatinine level, and CRP value in serum of patients between 2 groups at 0 h after treatment ( P>0.05). At 48 and 96 h after treatment, urea nitrogen level, creatinine level, and CRP value in serum of patients in citrate group were significantly lower than those in heparin group ( t=3.366, -2.315, 2.942, -2.657, 2.011, -2.441, P<0.05), and urea clearance index of patients in citrate group was significantly higher than that in heparin group ( t=1.017, 2.233, P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in PLT, PT, and APTT of patients between 2 groups at 0 h after treatment ( P>0.05). At 48 and 96 h, PLT of patients in citrate group was significantly higher than that in heparin group ( t=-3.417, -4.143, P<0.05 or P<0.01), PT of patients in citrate group was significantly shorter than that in heparin group ( t=2.760, -3.655, P<0.01), APTT of patients in citrate group was significantly shorter than that in heparin group ( t=3.719, 5.146, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Within 96 h of treatment, there was 1 case of hypocalcemia and 1 case of aggravated wound bleeding resulting in forced hemofiltration termination in citrate group, but there was no new bleeding on non-wound surface; in heparin group, there was no hypocalcemia, but 7 cases of aggravated wound bleeding and 2 cases of new bleeding on non-wound surface (both at the tracheotomy site) resulting in forced hemofiltration termination. The use time of blood purification filter of patients in citrate group was (11.7±4.8) h, obviously longer than (6.6±2.5) h in heparin group ( t=3.310, P<0.01). Conclusions:The use of regional citrate anticoagulation in CVVH treatment of severe burn patients has the advantages including little effect on coagulation function and high safety, can effectively prolong the use time of filter and improve the therapeutic effect, but this conclusion still needs to be further verified in clinical application.

Objective To investigate the effects of FOXA2 on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and the tumorigenesis of nude mice, and to explore the effect of FOXA2 on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods Immunohistochemistiy and real-time quantitative PCR were used to detect the expression of FOXA2 in 35 pairs of hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and their matched paracancerous tissues. 293 T cells were used as controls to detect the expression level of FOX A 2 in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2, SMMC-7721 and SK-Hep1) by real-time quantitative PCR. The lentivirus was transfected into HepG2 cells, and there were 3 groups including no virus group (Mock group) , negative control virus group (NC group) and FOXA2-transfected over-expression virus group (FOXA2 group). Plate clone assays were used to detect the effect of FOXA2 on the proliferation of HepG2 cells in vitro and nude mice tumor and formation assays to detect the tumor weight and tumor weight inhibition rate after FOX A2-transfected overexpression of lentivirus-infected cells. Results The results of immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR showed that the expression of FOXA2 in cancer tissues was significantly lower than that in adjacent tissues (P < 0.01) , And the expression of FOXA2 in hepatoma cell lines (HepG2, SMMC-7721, SK-Hepl) was significantly lower than that of 293 T cells (P < 0.0001). After the lentivirus was transfected into HepG2 cells, the number of clones in the FOXA2 group was significantly less than that in the Mock group and the NC group (P < 0.05). The tumor formation of nude mice showed that the tumor weight of FOXA2 group was smaller than that of the corresponding blank control group and negative control group (P < 0.01).Conclusion FOXA2 is lowly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cells, which has the effect of inhibiting the proliferation of HepG2 cells in vitro and the growth of tumors in nude mice in vivo.

Objective: To explore the influence of directed restrictive fluid management strategy (RFMS) on patients with serious burns complicated by severe inhalation injury. Methods: Sixteen patients with serious burns complicated by severe inhalation injury hospitalized in our department from December 2014 to December 2017, meeting the inclusion criteria and treated with RFMS, were enrolled in directed treatment group. Thirty-four patients with serious burns complicated by severe inhalation injury hospitalized in our department from December 2012 to December 2017, meeting the inclusion criteria and without RFMS, were enrolled in routine treatment group. Medical records of patients in 2 groups were retrospectively analyzed. Within post injury day 2, mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), extravascular lung water index (ELWI), global end-diastolic volume index, and pulmonary vascular permeability index of patients in directed treatment group were monitored by pulse contour cardiac output monitoring technology, while MAP and CVP of patients in routine treatment group were monitored by routine method. On post injury day 3 to 7, patients in 2 groups were treated with routine fluid supplement therapy of our Department to maintain hemodynamic stability, and patients in directed treatment group were treated according to RFMS directed with goal of ELWI≤7 mL·kg^-1·m^-2. On post injury day 3 to 7, total fluid intake, total fluid output, and total fluid difference between fluid intake and output within 24 h, value of blood lactic acid, and oxygenation index of patients in 2 groups were recorded. Occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) on post injury day 3 to 7 and 8 to 28, mechanical ventilation time within post injury day 28, and occurrence of death of patients in 2 groups were counted. Data were processed with chi-square test, t test, and analysis of variance for repeated measurement. Results: The total fluid intakes within 24 h of patients in directed treatment group were close to those in routine treatment group on post injury day 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (t=-0.835, -1.618, -2.463, -1.244, -2.552, P>0.05). The total fluid outputs and total fluid differences between fluid intake and output within 24 h of patients in 2 groups on post injury day 3 were close (t=0.931, -2.274, P>0.05). The total fluid outputs within 24 h of patients in directed treatment group were significantly higher than those in routine treatment group on post injury day 4, 5, 6, 7 (t=2.645, 2.352, 1.847, 1.152, P<0.05). The total fluid differences between fluid intake and output within 24 h of patients in directed treatment group were (2 928±768), (2 028±1 001), (2 186±815), and (2 071±963) mL, significantly lower than (4 455±960), (3 434±819), (3 233±1 022), and (3 453±829) mL in routine treatment group (t=-4.331, -3.882, -3.211, -4.024, P<0.05). The values of blood lactic acid of patients in directed treatment group and routine treatment group on post injury day 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 were close (t=0.847, 1.221, 0.994, 1.873, 1.948, P>0.05). The oxygenation indexes of patients in directed treatment group on post injury day 3 and 4 were (298±78) and (324±85) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa ), which were close to (270±110) and (291±90) mmHg in routine treatment group (t=-1.574, 2.011, P>0.05). The oxygenation indexes of patients in directed treatment group on post injury day 5, 6, 7 were (372±88), (369±65), and (377±39) mmHg, significantly higher than (302±103), (313±89), and (336±78) mmHg in routine treatment group (t=3.657, 3.223, 2.441, P<0.05). On post injury day 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, patients with ARDS in directed treatment group were less than those in routine treatment group, but with no significantly statistical difference between the 2 groups (χ²=0.105, P>0.05). On post injury day 8 to 28, patients with ARDS in directed treatment group were significantly less than those in routine treatment group (χ²=0.827, P<0.05). The mechanical ventilation time within post injury day 28 of patients in directed treatment group was apparently shorter than that in routine treatment group (t=-2.895, P<0.05). Death of patients in directed treatment group within post injury day 28 was less than that in routine treatment group, but with no significantly statistical difference between the 2 groups (χ²=0.002, P>0.05). Conclusions Under the circumstance of hemodynamics stability, RFMS directed with goal of ELWI≤7 mL·kg^-1·m^-2 on post injury day 3 to 7 is an useful strategy, which can reduce occurrence rate of ADRS and shorten mechanical ventilation time of patients with serious burns complicated by severe inhalation injury at late stage of burns.

Objective: To explore the dynamic variation trend of bronchial wall thickness (BWT) in severely burned patients combined with inhalation injury, and to determine the value of BWT to prognosis of patients. Methods: Forty-three severely burned patients with inhalation injury hospitalized in Intensive Burn Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Nankai University (Tianjin No.4 Hospital) from July to November 2016, conforming to the study criteria, were divided into survival group (n=27) and death group (n=16) according to the prognosis of patients within 14 days after admission. All patients underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy and inhalation injury rating based on abbreviated injury scale at admission. High resolution CT examination was performed in patients of two groups at admission and 24 h post admission, 3, 7, and 14 d post admission to measure the BWT of right superior lobar bronchus trunk opening. Receiver operating characteristic curves of rating of inhalation damage at admission and BWT at admission were drawn to evaluate the predictive value for death of 43 patients. Data were processed with chi-square test, independent sample t test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, analysis of variance for repeated measurement and least-significant difference-t test. Results: (1) The numbers of patients rated as 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 grade for inhalation injury in survival group and death group were 0, 19, 6, 2, and 0, and 0, 2, 7, 7, and 0, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups (Z=-3.79, P<0.01). (2) BWT of patients in death group at admission and 24 h post admission, 3, 7, and 14 d post admission was respectively (2.72±0.26), (3.18±0.22), (2.98±0.18), (2.29±0.17), and (1.45±0.21) mm, which was significantly larger than (2.24±0.15), (2.49±0.15), (1.51±0.17), (1.04±0.16), and (1.01±0.13) mm in survival group (t=7.55, 12.14, 27.11, 19.99, 7.11, P<0.01). BWT of patients in survival group and death group at 24 h post admission, 3, 7, and 14 d post admission showed statistically significant difference when compared with that at admission within the corresponding group (t=5.97, 16.63, 28.21, 38.57, 5.34, 3.31, 4.39, 6.48, P<0.01). BWT of patients in survival group and death group on 3, 7, and 14 d post admission was significantly smaller than that at 24 h post admission within the corresponding group (t=22.27, 34.02, 45.03, 2.77, 10.53, 10.59, P<0.01). BWT of patients in survival group and death group on 7 and 14 d post admission was significantly smaller than that on 3 d post admission within the corresponding group (t=10.49, 18.26, 9.57, 11.44, P<0.01). BWT of patients in survival group and death group on 14 d post admission was significantly smaller than that on 7 d post admission within the corresponding group (t=6.97, 6.15, P<0.01). (3) The total areas under ROC curves of inhalation injury rating at admission and BWT at admission for predicting death of 43 patients were 0.880 and 0.956, respectively (with 95% confidence intervals 0.768-0.991, 0.882-1.000, P<0.05). Grade 1.5 and 2.75 mm were respectively chosen as the optimal threshold values of inhalation injury rating at admission and BWT at admission, with sensitivity of 87.50%, 83.33% and specificity of 77.78%, 96.00%, respectively. Conclusions The BWT of survived and dead patients with severe burn and inhalation injury increases significantly post burn, while the BWT of survived patients restores to normal level faster. BWT can be used to assess the severity of inhalation injury and to predict death in severely burned patients combined with inhalation injury.

Tianjin No.4 Hospital is a general hospital featured in burns, and the Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery has six secondary clinical departments with 110 hospital beds. After hard working by several generations, the department has successively developed into a key discipline in Tianjin and Tianjin Burn Emergency Center. Tianjin Burn Research Institute was established in 1992, and then the department became master′s granting unit of Tianjin Medical University. In scientific research aspect, many researches have been completed and obtained important results, such as the mechanism and effect of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in prevention and treatment of intestinal failure, early diagnosis and local treatment with fiberoptic bronchoscope, energy metabolism regularity of burn patients, and the development of irradiated biological dressings. In clinic aspect, tens of thousands of complex wounds and chronic refractory wounds were repaired by various kinds of flaps and advanced methods, and the cure rate of patients with large burn area reached 94.1%. In 2016, Tianjin No.4 Hospital became the Affiliated Hospital of Nankai University. Hereafter, a number of research intentions have collaborated between the department and the State Key Laboratory of Academy of Life Sciences of Nankai University. In the future, our department will focus on improving the treatment level of patients with large burn area, carrying out researches on comprehensive anti-shock in the early stage, inhalation injury treatment, infection treatment, comprehensive treatment of multiple organ failure, wound repair, scar treatment, rehabilitation, and the clinical application.

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical effects of early blood purification in the treatment of phenol burn patients complicated by acute kidney injury (AKI).

METHODSFive phenol burn patients complicated by AKI, matched with the inclusion criteria, were hospitalized from January 2010 to July 2014. Within post injury hour 24, patients received rapid liquid support, positive wound management, and hemoperfusion (HP) combined with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) for 2 to 3 hours, then HP was stopped and CVVH was continued for 16 to 21 hours. HP combined with CVVH was performed for 2 to 3 times, then HP was stopped and CVVH was continued for 12 to 22 days. On post injury day (PID) 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21, urea nitrogen, creatinine, ALT, AST, total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL) in serum were determined, and the volume of liquid intake, urine, ultrafiltration, and liquid output were recorded, and the concentrations of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in serum were determined by ELISA. General conditions of patients were recorded. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and LSD- t test.

RESULTS(1) On PID 1, the levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine were (9.0 ± 3.2) mmol/L and (115 ± 24) µmol/L respectively, which were obviously higher than normal values (with the values of 2.9-8.2 mmol/L and 45-104 µmol/L respectively). On PID 3, 5, 7 and 21, the levels of urea nitrogen were (12.5 ± 4.1), (11.2 ± 5.6), (8.7 ± 2.3) and (6.4 ± 3.9) mmol/L respectively, which were similar with the value of DID 1 (with t values 1.53, 0.76, 0.17 and 1.17 respectively, P values above 0.05). On PID 14, the level of urea nitrogen was (15.8 ± 3.3) mmol/L, which was obviously higher than the value of PID 1 (t =3 .29, P = 0.023). On PID 3, 5, 7 and 14, the levels of creatinine were (248 ± 67), (224 ± 87), (276 ± 59) and (307 ± 77) µmol/L respectively, which were obviously higher than the value of PID 1 (with t values 4.17, 2.70, 5.65 and 5.32 respectively, P values below 0.01). On PID 21, the level of creatinine was (78 ± 28) µmol/L, which was obviously lower than the value of PID 1 (t = 2.23, P = 0.041). The levels of ALT, AST, TBIL, and DBIL were higher than normal values from PID 1, and the levels were higher than normal values on PID 3, 5, 7, and 14, and they were similar with the normal values on PID 21. (2) On PID 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21, the volume ratio of liquid intake to liquid output maintained from1:1 to 2:1. On PID 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14, although the volume of urine fluctuated, they were still less than 400 mL/d, and the volume for ultrafiltration showed a tendency from declining at first to a rise later. On PID 21, the volume of urine increased, and the volume for ultrafiltration decreased. (3) On PID 1, the serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 increased, and the serum concentration of IL-10 decreased. On PID 3, 5, and 7, the serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 decreased, and the serum concentration of IL-10 increased. On PID 14, the serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were elevated again but without a high peak value, and the serum concentration of IL-10 decreased but still higher than the value of PID 1. On PID 21, the serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 obviously decreased, and the serum concentration of IL-10 obviously elevated. (4) Primary healing of the wound was achieved on PID 21 to 28. Patients were all cured and left hospital on PID 28 to 45. All the patients were followed up for 6 months to 3 years. At the last follow up, patients had no symptoms of chronic poisoning and the functions of liver and kidney were normal.

CONCLUSIONSEarly blood purification treatment is effective for phenol patients phenol burn patients complicated by AKI, and wound healing and kidney function recovery were assured.

Acute Kidney Injury ; complications ; therapy ; Biomarkers ; blood ; Burns, Chemical ; blood ; complications ; therapy ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hemofiltration ; Humans ; Interleukin-10 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Phenol ; adverse effects ; Phenols ; Serum ; metabolism ; Severity of Illness Index ; Treatment Outcome ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood ; Wound Healing