ObjectiveTo explore the dose-effect relationship and safety of high， medium， and low doses of raw Astragali Radix in the modified Huangqi Chifengtang （MHCD） for treating proteinuria in immunoglobulin A （IgA） nephropathy， and to provide scientific evidence for the clinical use of high-dose Astragali Radix in the treatment of proteinuria in IgA nephropathy. MethodsA total of 120 patients with IgA nephropathy， diagnosed with Qi deficiency and blood stasis combined with wind pathogen and heat toxicity， were randomly divided into a control group and three treatment groups. The control group received telmisartan combined with a Chinese medicine placebo， while the treatment groups were given telmisartan combined with MHCD containing different doses of raw Astragali Radix （60， 30， 15 g）. Each group contained 30 patients， and the treatment period was 12 weeks. Changes in 24-hour urinary protein （24 hUTP）， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome scores， effective rate， and renal function were observed before and after treatment. Safety was assessed by monitoring liver function and blood routine. ResultsAfter 12 weeks of treatment， 24 hUTP significantly decreased in the high， medium， and low-dose groups， as well as the control group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The TCM syndrome scores in the high， medium， and low-dose groups also significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Comparisons between groups showed that the 24 hUTP in the high-dose group was significantly lower than in the medium， low-dose， and control groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the 24 hUTP in the medium-dose group was significantly lower than in the control group （P<0.05）. The TCM syndrome scores in the high and medium-dose groups were significantly lower than in the low-dose and control groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The total effective rates for proteinuria in the high， medium， low-dose， and control groups were 92.59% （25/27）， 85.19% （23/27）， 60.71% （17/28）， and 57.14% （16/28）， respectively. The effective rates in the high and medium-dose groups were significantly higher than in the low-dose and control groups （χ²=13.185， P<0.05， P<0.01）. The effective rates for TCM syndrome scores in the high， medium， low-dose， and control groups were 88.89% （24/27）， 81.48% （22/27）， 71.43% （20/28）， and 46.43% （13/28）， respectively. The efficacy of TCM syndrome scores in the high and medium-dose groups was significantly higher than in the control group （χ²=14.053， P<0.01）. Compared with pre-treatment values， there was no statistically significant difference in eGFR and serum creatinine in the high and medium-dose groups. However， eGFR significantly decreased in the low-dose and control groups after treatment （P<0.05）， and serum creatinine levels increased significantly in the control group （P<0.05）. No statistically significant differences were observed in urea nitrogen， uric acid， albumin， total cholesterol， triglycerides， liver function， and blood routine before and after treatment in any group. ConclusionThere is a dose-effect relationship in the treatment of IgA nephropathy with high， medium， and low doses of raw Astragali Radix in MHCD. The high-dose group exhibited the best therapeutic effect and good safety profile.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Shouhui Tongbian capsules in treating constipation based on the research foundation of its active components combined with network pharmacology and animal experiments. MethodsThe drug components were imported into SwissTargetPrediction to predict the targets of Shouhui Tongbian capsules， and constipation-related targets were collected from disease databases. A protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed for the common targets shared by Shouhui Tongbian capsules and constipation to screen key targets， which was followed by gene ontology （GO） function and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment analyses. A "bioactive component-target-pathway" network was constructed， and the core components of Shouhui Tongbian capsules in treating constipation were screened based on the topological parameters of this network. Molecular docking was employed to predict the binding affinity of core components to key targets. A mouse model of constipation was constructed to screen the key pathways and targets of the drug intervention in constipation. ResultsThe PPI network revealed six key constipation-related targets： protein kinase B （Akt1）， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， glycogen synthase kinase-3β （GSK-3β）， cyclooxygenase-2 （PTGS2）， estrogen receptor 1 （ESR1）， and epidermal growth factor receptor （EGFR）. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/Akt signaling pathway was the most enriched. The topological parameter analysis of the "bioactive component-target-pathway" network screened out the top 10 core components： auranetin， isosinensetin， naringin， diosmetin， quercetin， apigenin， luteolin， hesperidin， isorhapontigenin， and chrysophanol. Molecular docking results showed that the 10 core components had strong binding affinity with the 6 key targets. Animal experiments showed that after intervention with different doses of Shouhui Tongbian capsules， the time to the first black stool excretion was reduced and the fecal water content and small intestine charcoal propulsion rate of mice were improved. After treatment with Shouhui Tongbian capsules， the colonic mucosal injury and glandular arrangement were alleviated， and the muscle layer thickness was increased. Western blot results showed that Shouhui Tongbian capsules recovered the expression of apoptosis-related molecules mediated by the PI3K/Akt pathway in the colonic tissue of constipated mice. Terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling （TUNEL） results showed that the cell apoptosis rate of the colon significantly reduced after intervention with Shouhui Tongbian capsules. ConclusionThe results of network pharmacology and animal experiments confirmed that Shouhui Tongbian capsules can treat constipation through multiple targets and pathways. The capsules can effectively intervene in loperamide-induced constipation in mice by regulating the constipation indicators and reducing cell apoptosis in the colon tissue via activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

ObjectiveTo explore the construction and evaluation methods of a rat model of acute myocardial infarction（AMI） with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome established by sleep deprivation combined with coronary artery ligation. MethodsThirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group（n=6）， a myocardial infarction group（model A group， n=10）， an acute sleep deprivation+myocardial infarction group（model B group， n=10）， and a chronic sleep deprivation+myocardial infarction group（model C group， n=10） according to body weight. Rats in the normal group were not treated， rats in the model A group underwent only ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery， rats in the model B group were sleep deprived for 96 h and then underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery， and rats in the model C group were sleep deprived for an additional 48 h each week with a 24 h rest period as one cycle for three weeks on the basis of the model B group. After coronary artery ligation in the model C group， the first week was defined as the starting point of the first sleep deprivation cycle， and indexes were tested weekly for rats in each group for 3 weeks. Electrocardiogram was used to determine the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in rats， and small animal echocardiography was used to evaluate the cardiac function. The levels of serum creatine kinase（CK）， creatine kinase isoenzyme（CK-MB）， lactate dehydrogenase（LDH）， cardiac troponin T（cTnT）， interleukin-18（IL-18）， and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） were detected by biochemical assays， and hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining was used to evaluate the pathological changes of myocardial tissue in rats. The syndrome indicators of Qi and Yin deficiency were evaluated by general state and body weight， grip strength， facial temperature， paw temperature， rectal temperature， salivary flow rate， open field test， tongue color［red（R）， green（G）， and blue（B）］ values， pulse amplitude changes， and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA） for the detection of expression levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate（cAMP）， cyclic guanosine monophosphate（cGMP）， rat serum corticotropin-releasing factor（CRF）， adrenocorticotropic hormone（ACTH）， triiodothyronine（T3）， tetraiodothyronine（T4）， and corticosterone（CORT） in serum. ResultsIn terms of disease indicators， compared with the normal group， the ST segment of the electrocardiogram in each model group was significantly elevated， the echocardiographic parameters were decreased， the contents of myocardial enzymes and inflammatory factors were increased（P<0.01）， and the myocardial tissue in the infarcted area was significantly damaged. In terms of syndrome indicators， compared with the normal group， the body weight of rats in the model B and C groups decreased at each time point， the grip strength of each model group decreased， the total distance traveled and the number of entries into the center in the open field test decreased， the immobility time increased， the facial and rectal temperatures of rats in the model B and C groups increased， the salivary flow rate of each model group decreased， the tongue color was bright red or light， the tongue body was dry or smooth like a mirror， lacking of moisture sensation， the R， G and B values of the tongue surface increased， the pulse amplitude changes decreased， and the contents of T3 and T4 increased， while the expressions of cAMP， CRF， ACTH and CORT in the model B and C groups increased（P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionContinuous sleep deprivation for 96 h in a multi-platform method combined with coronary artery ligation can construct a rat model of AMI with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome， and the syndrome manifestations can be maintained for 3 weeks.

ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility， evaluation methods and metabolic differences of high-fat diet（HFD） combined with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury（MIRI） to establish a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with phlegm and blood stasis blocking collaterals syndrome（PBSBCS）. MethodsThirty-two SD rats were randomly divided into the sham operation， HFD， MIRI， and MIRI+HFD groups. Rats in the sham operation and MIRI groups were fed a standard diet（regular chow）， while the HFD and MIRI+HFD groups received a HFD for 10 weeks. Rats in the MIRI and MIRI+HFD groups underwent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion surgery， while the sham operation group underwent only thread placement without ligation. Cardiac function was assessed via small-animal echocardiography， including left ventricular ejection fraction（EF）， left ventricular fractional shortening（FS）， cardiac output（CO）， and stroke volume（SV）. Serum levels of creatine kinase（CK）， CK-MB， triglyceride（TG）， total cholesterol（TC）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol（HDL-C）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol（LDL-C）， lactate dehydrogenase（LDH）， endothelin-1（ET-1）， endothelial nitric oxide synthase（eNOS）， tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）， interleukin-18（IL-18）， oxidized LDL（ox-LDL）， and cardiac troponin T（cTnT） were measured by biochemical assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. Myocardial histopathology was evaluated via hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining， while myocardial infarction and no-reflow area were assessed using 2，3，5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride（TTC）， Evans blue， and thioflavin staining. Changes in syndrome characteristics［body weight， tongue surface red-green-blue ［RGB］ values， and pulse amplitude］ of PBSBCS were recorded. Serum differential metabolites were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）. ResultsCompared with the sham operation group， the HFD and MIRI+HFD groups showed significant increases in body weight（P<0.01）， RGB values and pulse amplitude decreased in the HFD， MIRI and MIRI+HFD groups， TC， TG， LDL-C and ox-LDL levels increased in the HFD and MIRI+HFD groups， while HDL-C decreased. Blood perfusion peak time and myocardial no-reflow area increased， serum eNOS level decreased， and CK-MB， LDH， and cTnT activities increased in the HFD， MIRI and MIRI+HFD groups（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Whole blood viscosity was increased in the HFD group at medium shear rate， and in the MIRI and MIRI+HFD groups at low， medium and high shear rates（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Platelet aggregation rate increased in the MIRI and MIRI+HFD groups， accompanied by elevated ET-1， TNF-α， and IL-18 levels， reduced cardiac function indices， expanded myocardial no-reflow and infarction areas， and increased serum CK， CK-MB， LDH， and cTnT activities（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the MIRI group， the HFD and MIRI+HFD groups showed significant increase in body weight， TC， TG， LDL-C and ox-LDL levels， and significant decrease in HDL-C content（P<0.01）. The MIRI+HFD group showed decrease in RGB values and pulse amplitude， and an increase in whole blood viscosity， platelet aggregation， blood perfusion peak time， myocardial no-reflow and infarction areas， elevated ET-1， TNF-α and IL-18 levels， decreased eNOS content， EF and SV， increased serum CK， CK-MB and cTnT activities， and worsened myocardial pathology（P<0.05）. Compared with the HFD group， the MIRI+HFD group showed similar aggravated trends（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Metabolomics results showed that 34 potential biomarkers involving 13 common metabolic pathways were identified in the MIRI+HFD group compared with the sham operation group. ConclusionThe MIRI group resembles blood stasis syndrome in hemodynamics and myocardial injury， and the HFD group mirrors phlegm-turbidity syndrome in lipid profiles and tongue characteristics. While the MIRI+HFD group aligns with PBSBCS in comprehensive indices， effectively simulating clinical features of coronary heart disease（CHD）， which can be used for the evaluation of the pathological mechanism and pharmacodynamics of CHD with PBSBCS.

ObjectiveTo explore the optimal construction method and the biological basis for establishing a mouse model of ischemic heart disease（IHD） with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome by intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol（ISO）. MethodsA total of 144 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned into three normal groups and nine model groups according to body mass， with 12 mice in each group. The model groups 1， 4， and 7 were administered ISO via intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 for four consecutive days， the model groups 2， 5， and 8 received ISO at a dose of 10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 for seven consecutive days， while the model groups 3， 6， and 9 were given ISO at a dose of 15 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 for 14 consecutive days. The normal groups were administered an equivalent volume of normal saline via intraperitoneal injection. After the modeling process， body mass， 24-hour food and water intake， grip strength， and spontaneous activity of the mice were measured. Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography， the serum levels of norepinephrine（NE）， cyclic adenosine monophosphate（cAMP）， and cyclic guanosine monophosphate（cGMP） were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. The content of adenosine triphosphate（ATP） in myocardial tissue was measured by biochemical analysis， while histopathological changes in myocardial tissue were observed via hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining. An orthogonal experimental design was applied for intuitive analysis and variance analysis to screen the optimal modeling conditions of the mouse model of IHD with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome. A data-dependent acquisition（DDA） proteomic technique was employed to quantitatively detect differentially expressed proteins in myocardial tissue between the optimal model group and the normal group. And bioinformatics analysis was conducted to explore the potential biological mechanisms underlying the Qi and Yin deficiency model of IHD. ResultsOrthogonal results showed that the injection cycle had a great influence on model establishment， and the optimal modeling condition was identified as intraperitoneal injection of ISO at 15 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 for 14 consecutive days. Under this condition， compared with the normal group， the model group demonstrated significant reductions in body mass， food intake， water intake， grip strength， total distance and average speed of exercise， ejection fraction（EF）， fractional shortening（FS）， serum levels of NE and cGMP， and myocardial ATP content（P<0.01）， while immobility time， cAMP level， and the cAMP/cGMP value were significantly increased（P<0.05， P<0.01）. HE staining results revealed that myocardial tissue in the model group had disordered cell arrangement， inflammatory cell infiltration， myocardial fiber rupture， and fibrous tissue proliferation. Proteomic analysis identified 141 differentially expressed proteins in the model group compared with the normal group， with 52 up-regulated and 89 down-regulated. Gene Ontology（GO） functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG） pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the cellular components（CC） were mainly related to mitochondria and the inner mitochondrial membrane， the biological processes（BP） were associated with complement activation， platelet activation， and responses to metal ions， suggesting that the potential functional pathways involved the complement and coagulation cascade， as well as porphyrin metabolism. ConclusionContinuous intraperitoneal injection of ISO at a dose of 15 mg·kg^-1 for 14 days successfully establishes a mouse model of IHD with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome， and the underlying mechanisms may be related to the regulation of iron ions by complement C3， C5 and Cp， and plays a role in the regulation through the BP of complement activation， platelet activation， and responses to metal ions， and the signaling pathways of the complement and coagulation cascade and porphyrin metabolism.

ObjectiveTo investigate the preparation method of a mouse model of cerebral infarction with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome induced by streptozotocin（STZ） combined with the photochemical method， and to evaluate the biological basis of the established model. MethodsForty C57B6/J mice were randomly divided into the normal and model groups， with 20 mice in each group. The normal group received no treatment， while the model group was injected intraperitoneally with 55 mg·kg^-1 of STZ once a day for 5 days. Fourteen days post-STZ induction， 10 mice from the normal group were randomly taken into the photochemical group， while 10 mice from the model group were randomly taken into the STZ+photochemical group. Rose Bengal solution injection combined with 520 nm laser irradiation was used to cause thrombosis and induce cerebral infarction in mice. Syndrome indexes for Qi and Yin deficiency were assessed by general state observation， body weight， grip strength， rectal temperature， behavioral experiments， energy metabolism， tongue color［red（R）， green（G）， blue（B）］ values， adenosine triphosphate（ATP） content， corticotropin-releasing factor（CRF） and triiodothyronine（T3） levels. The pathological changes of cerebral infarction in mice were evaluated by detecting serum superoxide dismutase（SOD）， interleukin-1β（IL-1β）， IL-6， and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） levels in combination with Bederson score. Finally， the endogenous metabolites in mice were detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）， and multivariate statistical analysis was performed by partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）. The data filtering criteria were set as variable importance in the projection（VIP） value> 1， fold change（FC）<0.8 or FC>1.2， P<0.05， to obtain differential metabolites. Then MetaboAnalyst 3.0 was utilized for pathway enrichment analysis of the differential metabolites， aiming to explore the metabolic profile changes and biological basis of mice with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome of cerebral infarction. ResultsRegarding the syndrome indicators， compared with the normal group， the mice in the model group had lower body weight， higher rectal temperature， lower limb motor ability and energy metabolism efficiency， lower ATP content， lower R， G and B values of the tongue surface， and lower speed of blood glucose regression（P<0.05， P<0.01）. As for the disease indicators， compared with the normal group， the Bederson scores of the photochemical group and the STZ+photochemical group increased， the grip strength decreased， the SOD level decreased， and the levels of inflammatory factors increased（P<0.05）. The results of metabolomics showed that a good separation pattern of components was observed among mice in each group， with significant differences in components. Identification of MS data revealed a total of 44 differential metabolites in mice with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome of cerebral infarction. Among them， 32 metabolites were up-regulated， mainly including triglycerides， diglycerides， phospholipids， and ceramides. And 12 metabolites were down-regulated， mainly including amino acid and phosphate metabolites. Pathway enrichment analysis of the above differential metabolites indicated that the metabolic pathways were mainly enriched in folate biosynthesis， terpenoid skeleton biosynthesis， glycerophospholipid metabolism， vitamin B₆ metabolism， glycerolipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. These pathways were involved in multiple processes such as lipid transport， insulin resistance， and energy metabolism. ConclusionThe method of STZ injection combined with photochemical induction can successfully establish a mouse model of cerebral infarction with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome， and intervene in vivo processes such as folate biosynthesis， glycerophospholipid metabolism， and glycerolipid metabolism.

ObjectiveTo explore the construction and evaluation methods of a rat model of acute myocardial infarction（AMI） with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome established by sleep deprivation combined with coronary artery ligation. MethodsThirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group（n=6）， a myocardial infarction group（model A group， n=10）， an acute sleep deprivation+myocardial infarction group（model B group， n=10）， and a chronic sleep deprivation+myocardial infarction group（model C group， n=10） according to body weight. Rats in the normal group were not treated， rats in the model A group underwent only ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery， rats in the model B group were sleep deprived for 96 h and then underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery， and rats in the model C group were sleep deprived for an additional 48 h each week with a 24 h rest period as one cycle for three weeks on the basis of the model B group. After coronary artery ligation in the model C group， the first week was defined as the starting point of the first sleep deprivation cycle， and indexes were tested weekly for rats in each group for 3 weeks. Electrocardiogram was used to determine the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in rats， and small animal echocardiography was used to evaluate the cardiac function. The levels of serum creatine kinase（CK）， creatine kinase isoenzyme（CK-MB）， lactate dehydrogenase（LDH）， cardiac troponin T（cTnT）， interleukin-18（IL-18）， and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） were detected by biochemical assays， and hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining was used to evaluate the pathological changes of myocardial tissue in rats. The syndrome indicators of Qi and Yin deficiency were evaluated by general state and body weight， grip strength， facial temperature， paw temperature， rectal temperature， salivary flow rate， open field test， tongue color［red（R）， green（G）， and blue（B）］ values， pulse amplitude changes， and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA） for the detection of expression levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate（cAMP）， cyclic guanosine monophosphate（cGMP）， rat serum corticotropin-releasing factor（CRF）， adrenocorticotropic hormone（ACTH）， triiodothyronine（T3）， tetraiodothyronine（T4）， and corticosterone（CORT） in serum. ResultsIn terms of disease indicators， compared with the normal group， the ST segment of the electrocardiogram in each model group was significantly elevated， the echocardiographic parameters were decreased， the contents of myocardial enzymes and inflammatory factors were increased（P<0.01）， and the myocardial tissue in the infarcted area was significantly damaged. In terms of syndrome indicators， compared with the normal group， the body weight of rats in the model B and C groups decreased at each time point， the grip strength of each model group decreased， the total distance traveled and the number of entries into the center in the open field test decreased， the immobility time increased， the facial and rectal temperatures of rats in the model B and C groups increased， the salivary flow rate of each model group decreased， the tongue color was bright red or light， the tongue body was dry or smooth like a mirror， lacking of moisture sensation， the R， G and B values of the tongue surface increased， the pulse amplitude changes decreased， and the contents of T3 and T4 increased， while the expressions of cAMP， CRF， ACTH and CORT in the model B and C groups increased（P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionContinuous sleep deprivation for 96 h in a multi-platform method combined with coronary artery ligation can construct a rat model of AMI with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome， and the syndrome manifestations can be maintained for 3 weeks.

ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility， evaluation methods and metabolic differences of high-fat diet（HFD） combined with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury（MIRI） to establish a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion with phlegm and blood stasis blocking collaterals syndrome（PBSBCS）. MethodsThirty-two SD rats were randomly divided into the sham operation， HFD， MIRI， and MIRI+HFD groups. Rats in the sham operation and MIRI groups were fed a standard diet（regular chow）， while the HFD and MIRI+HFD groups received a HFD for 10 weeks. Rats in the MIRI and MIRI+HFD groups underwent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion surgery， while the sham operation group underwent only thread placement without ligation. Cardiac function was assessed via small-animal echocardiography， including left ventricular ejection fraction（EF）， left ventricular fractional shortening（FS）， cardiac output（CO）， and stroke volume（SV）. Serum levels of creatine kinase（CK）， CK-MB， triglyceride（TG）， total cholesterol（TC）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol（HDL-C）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol（LDL-C）， lactate dehydrogenase（LDH）， endothelin-1（ET-1）， endothelial nitric oxide synthase（eNOS）， tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）， interleukin-18（IL-18）， oxidized LDL（ox-LDL）， and cardiac troponin T（cTnT） were measured by biochemical assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. Myocardial histopathology was evaluated via hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining， while myocardial infarction and no-reflow area were assessed using 2，3，5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride（TTC）， Evans blue， and thioflavin staining. Changes in syndrome characteristics［body weight， tongue surface red-green-blue ［RGB］ values， and pulse amplitude］ of PBSBCS were recorded. Serum differential metabolites were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）. ResultsCompared with the sham operation group， the HFD and MIRI+HFD groups showed significant increases in body weight（P<0.01）， RGB values and pulse amplitude decreased in the HFD， MIRI and MIRI+HFD groups， TC， TG， LDL-C and ox-LDL levels increased in the HFD and MIRI+HFD groups， while HDL-C decreased. Blood perfusion peak time and myocardial no-reflow area increased， serum eNOS level decreased， and CK-MB， LDH， and cTnT activities increased in the HFD， MIRI and MIRI+HFD groups（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Whole blood viscosity was increased in the HFD group at medium shear rate， and in the MIRI and MIRI+HFD groups at low， medium and high shear rates（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Platelet aggregation rate increased in the MIRI and MIRI+HFD groups， accompanied by elevated ET-1， TNF-α， and IL-18 levels， reduced cardiac function indices， expanded myocardial no-reflow and infarction areas， and increased serum CK， CK-MB， LDH， and cTnT activities（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the MIRI group， the HFD and MIRI+HFD groups showed significant increase in body weight， TC， TG， LDL-C and ox-LDL levels， and significant decrease in HDL-C content（P<0.01）. The MIRI+HFD group showed decrease in RGB values and pulse amplitude， and an increase in whole blood viscosity， platelet aggregation， blood perfusion peak time， myocardial no-reflow and infarction areas， elevated ET-1， TNF-α and IL-18 levels， decreased eNOS content， EF and SV， increased serum CK， CK-MB and cTnT activities， and worsened myocardial pathology（P<0.05）. Compared with the HFD group， the MIRI+HFD group showed similar aggravated trends（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Metabolomics results showed that 34 potential biomarkers involving 13 common metabolic pathways were identified in the MIRI+HFD group compared with the sham operation group. ConclusionThe MIRI group resembles blood stasis syndrome in hemodynamics and myocardial injury， and the HFD group mirrors phlegm-turbidity syndrome in lipid profiles and tongue characteristics. While the MIRI+HFD group aligns with PBSBCS in comprehensive indices， effectively simulating clinical features of coronary heart disease（CHD）， which can be used for the evaluation of the pathological mechanism and pharmacodynamics of CHD with PBSBCS.

ObjectiveTo explore the optimal construction method and the biological basis for establishing a mouse model of ischemic heart disease（IHD） with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome by intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol（ISO）. MethodsA total of 144 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned into three normal groups and nine model groups according to body mass， with 12 mice in each group. The model groups 1， 4， and 7 were administered ISO via intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 for four consecutive days， the model groups 2， 5， and 8 received ISO at a dose of 10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 for seven consecutive days， while the model groups 3， 6， and 9 were given ISO at a dose of 15 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 for 14 consecutive days. The normal groups were administered an equivalent volume of normal saline via intraperitoneal injection. After the modeling process， body mass， 24-hour food and water intake， grip strength， and spontaneous activity of the mice were measured. Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography， the serum levels of norepinephrine（NE）， cyclic adenosine monophosphate（cAMP）， and cyclic guanosine monophosphate（cGMP） were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. The content of adenosine triphosphate（ATP） in myocardial tissue was measured by biochemical analysis， while histopathological changes in myocardial tissue were observed via hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining. An orthogonal experimental design was applied for intuitive analysis and variance analysis to screen the optimal modeling conditions of the mouse model of IHD with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome. A data-dependent acquisition（DDA） proteomic technique was employed to quantitatively detect differentially expressed proteins in myocardial tissue between the optimal model group and the normal group. And bioinformatics analysis was conducted to explore the potential biological mechanisms underlying the Qi and Yin deficiency model of IHD. ResultsOrthogonal results showed that the injection cycle had a great influence on model establishment， and the optimal modeling condition was identified as intraperitoneal injection of ISO at 15 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 for 14 consecutive days. Under this condition， compared with the normal group， the model group demonstrated significant reductions in body mass， food intake， water intake， grip strength， total distance and average speed of exercise， ejection fraction（EF）， fractional shortening（FS）， serum levels of NE and cGMP， and myocardial ATP content（P<0.01）， while immobility time， cAMP level， and the cAMP/cGMP value were significantly increased（P<0.05， P<0.01）. HE staining results revealed that myocardial tissue in the model group had disordered cell arrangement， inflammatory cell infiltration， myocardial fiber rupture， and fibrous tissue proliferation. Proteomic analysis identified 141 differentially expressed proteins in the model group compared with the normal group， with 52 up-regulated and 89 down-regulated. Gene Ontology（GO） functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG） pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the cellular components（CC） were mainly related to mitochondria and the inner mitochondrial membrane， the biological processes（BP） were associated with complement activation， platelet activation， and responses to metal ions， suggesting that the potential functional pathways involved the complement and coagulation cascade， as well as porphyrin metabolism. ConclusionContinuous intraperitoneal injection of ISO at a dose of 15 mg·kg^-1 for 14 days successfully establishes a mouse model of IHD with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome， and the underlying mechanisms may be related to the regulation of iron ions by complement C3， C5 and Cp， and plays a role in the regulation through the BP of complement activation， platelet activation， and responses to metal ions， and the signaling pathways of the complement and coagulation cascade and porphyrin metabolism.

ObjectiveTo investigate the preparation method of a mouse model of cerebral infarction with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome induced by streptozotocin（STZ） combined with the photochemical method， and to evaluate the biological basis of the established model. MethodsForty C57B6/J mice were randomly divided into the normal and model groups， with 20 mice in each group. The normal group received no treatment， while the model group was injected intraperitoneally with 55 mg·kg^-1 of STZ once a day for 5 days. Fourteen days post-STZ induction， 10 mice from the normal group were randomly taken into the photochemical group， while 10 mice from the model group were randomly taken into the STZ+photochemical group. Rose Bengal solution injection combined with 520 nm laser irradiation was used to cause thrombosis and induce cerebral infarction in mice. Syndrome indexes for Qi and Yin deficiency were assessed by general state observation， body weight， grip strength， rectal temperature， behavioral experiments， energy metabolism， tongue color［red（R）， green（G）， blue（B）］ values， adenosine triphosphate（ATP） content， corticotropin-releasing factor（CRF） and triiodothyronine（T3） levels. The pathological changes of cerebral infarction in mice were evaluated by detecting serum superoxide dismutase（SOD）， interleukin-1β（IL-1β）， IL-6， and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） levels in combination with Bederson score. Finally， the endogenous metabolites in mice were detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）， and multivariate statistical analysis was performed by partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）. The data filtering criteria were set as variable importance in the projection（VIP） value> 1， fold change（FC）<0.8 or FC>1.2， P<0.05， to obtain differential metabolites. Then MetaboAnalyst 3.0 was utilized for pathway enrichment analysis of the differential metabolites， aiming to explore the metabolic profile changes and biological basis of mice with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome of cerebral infarction. ResultsRegarding the syndrome indicators， compared with the normal group， the mice in the model group had lower body weight， higher rectal temperature， lower limb motor ability and energy metabolism efficiency， lower ATP content， lower R， G and B values of the tongue surface， and lower speed of blood glucose regression（P<0.05， P<0.01）. As for the disease indicators， compared with the normal group， the Bederson scores of the photochemical group and the STZ+photochemical group increased， the grip strength decreased， the SOD level decreased， and the levels of inflammatory factors increased（P<0.05）. The results of metabolomics showed that a good separation pattern of components was observed among mice in each group， with significant differences in components. Identification of MS data revealed a total of 44 differential metabolites in mice with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome of cerebral infarction. Among them， 32 metabolites were up-regulated， mainly including triglycerides， diglycerides， phospholipids， and ceramides. And 12 metabolites were down-regulated， mainly including amino acid and phosphate metabolites. Pathway enrichment analysis of the above differential metabolites indicated that the metabolic pathways were mainly enriched in folate biosynthesis， terpenoid skeleton biosynthesis， glycerophospholipid metabolism， vitamin B₆ metabolism， glycerolipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. These pathways were involved in multiple processes such as lipid transport， insulin resistance， and energy metabolism. ConclusionThe method of STZ injection combined with photochemical induction can successfully establish a mouse model of cerebral infarction with Qi and Yin deficiency syndrome， and intervene in vivo processes such as folate biosynthesis， glycerophospholipid metabolism， and glycerolipid metabolism.