Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the urinary system.Currently,the clinical treatment options for bladder cancer mainly include surgery,chemotherapy,radiotherapy,immunotherapy,targeted therapy,photodynamic therapy,combination therapy,etc.The conventional treatment and administration strategies for bladder cancer primarily depend on the tumor stage and the extent of metastasis.However,in the process of non-surgical treatment,drugs lack specificity and targeting.Once the dosage is improperly controlled,drugs will damage normal cells when attacking cancer cells,which will lead to poor efficacy and multiple side effects.Nanomedicine is an emerging interdisciplinary field that utilizes nanomaterials and technologies in nanomedicine to provide disruptive technologies for traditional treatments,with advantages such as targeted delivery and high efficiency with low toxicity.Many nanotechnologies have become hot topics in clinical research in the field of medicine.Functionalized nanoparticles can actively or passively target specific cells within target organs,such as bladder cancer cells,by altering their surface properties,thereby enhancing drug delivery precision,reducing damage to normal cells,and improving treatment efficacy.This article provides an overview of the progress in classical and novel treatment approaches to bladder cancer,with a particular focus on the potential applications and future development directions of nanotechnology in the treatment of bladder cancer,providing important reference for personalized therapy and clinical translation in bladder cancer.

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect and the influence factors of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in combination with cognitive behavior therapy(CBT) for postpartum depression. Methods One hundred and fifty patients with postpartum depression were recruited and stratified according to their education level(education 8-13 years or education ≥ 14 years) and age(18-29 year or 30-39 year). Patients were allocated to rTMS in combination with CBT and placebo (rTMS+CBT+ placebo) group or paroxetine in combination with CBT and sham rTMS (paroxetine +CBT+sham rTMS)group or paroxetine alone group according to their stratification and outpatient number order.The patients were treated for 4 weeks,and were assessed at baseline, 1st, 2nd and 4th weekend using 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale and Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale(TESS).Variance analysis(ANOVA),repeated ANOVA and linear mixed effect model were applied for continuous variables analysis and Cruskal-Wallis H test and rank-sum test were applied for categorical variables, inspection. Results (1)There was no significant difference in HAMD17 among three groups at baseline(F=0.547, P=0.580).(2)At the 4th weekend, the response rate was 98.00%in rTMS+CBT+placebo group and 100.00%in paroxetine+CBT+sham rTMS group, which were significantly higher than that of paroxetine aline group(83.67%, Z=-5.428--4.500, P=0.000).The remission rate was 60.00%in rTMS+CBT+placebo group and 68.75%in paroxetine+CBT+sham rTMS group,which were significantly higher than that of paroxetine alone group (20.41%, Z=-4.767--3.993, P=0.000).(3)No significant difference in HAMD17 score of different layers(stratified according to education level and age) among three groups were detected at baseline (F=0.019-1.133, P=0.346-0.996).(4)At the 4th weekend,in rTMS+CBT+ placebo and paroxetine+CBT+sham rTMS group, patients with higher education level showed significantly lower HAMD17 scores than patients with lower education level(Linear mixed effect model analysis without a corresponding test values, P<0.05);conversely,in paroxetine alone group,patients with higher education level showed significantly higher HAMD17 score than patients with lower education level(linear mixed effect model analysis without a corresponding test values, P<0.01).Conclusion rTMS in combination with CBT had obvious augmentative therapeutic effect for postpartum depression.CBT may be more appropriate for patients with higher education.

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect and the influence factors of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in combination with cognitive behavior therapy(CBT) for postpartum depression. Methods One hundred and fifty patients with postpartum depression were recruited and stratified according to their education level(education 8-13 years or education ≥ 14 years) and age(18-29 year or 30-39 year). Patients were allocated to rTMS in combination with CBT and placebo (rTMS+CBT+ placebo) group or paroxetine in combination with CBT and sham rTMS (paroxetine +CBT+sham rTMS)group or paroxetine alone group according to their stratification and outpatient number order.The patients were treated for 4 weeks,and were assessed at baseline, 1st, 2nd and 4th weekend using 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale and Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale(TESS).Variance analysis(ANOVA),repeated ANOVA and linear mixed effect model were applied for continuous variables analysis and Cruskal-Wallis H test and rank-sum test were applied for categorical variables, inspection. Results (1)There was no significant difference in HAMD17 among three groups at baseline(F=0.547, P=0.580).(2)At the 4th weekend, the response rate was 98.00%in rTMS+CBT+placebo group and 100.00%in paroxetine+CBT+sham rTMS group, which were significantly higher than that of paroxetine aline group(83.67%, Z=-5.428--4.500, P=0.000).The remission rate was 60.00%in rTMS+CBT+placebo group and 68.75%in paroxetine+CBT+sham rTMS group,which were significantly higher than that of paroxetine alone group (20.41%, Z=-4.767--3.993, P=0.000).(3)No significant difference in HAMD17 score of different layers(stratified according to education level and age) among three groups were detected at baseline (F=0.019-1.133, P=0.346-0.996).(4)At the 4th weekend,in rTMS+CBT+ placebo and paroxetine+CBT+sham rTMS group, patients with higher education level showed significantly lower HAMD17 scores than patients with lower education level(Linear mixed effect model analysis without a corresponding test values, P<0.05);conversely,in paroxetine alone group,patients with higher education level showed significantly higher HAMD17 score than patients with lower education level(linear mixed effect model analysis without a corresponding test values, P<0.01).Conclusion rTMS in combination with CBT had obvious augmentative therapeutic effect for postpartum depression.CBT may be more appropriate for patients with higher education.

Objective To investigate Monilia infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women in labor.Methods Before informed consent,542 cases of pregnant women in labor were collected in Obstetrics Department of Maternity and Child Healthcare of Maoming City from January 2013 to April 2014,and all of these cases were examined by Monilia inspec-tion of vaginal secretions.All of these cases were 20 to 30 years old,without vaginal pathogenic infection symptoms,but in-cluded in a few of formulation of clinical features of vaginal Candida infection.With the two methods of 10% potassium hy-droxide solution wet sheet and Gram staining,if blastospore or pseudohypha of Candida mycoderma were found out in the two methods under microscope,this case was diagnosed as positive result,otherwise as negative result.Respectively choosing positive cases as observation group,and negative cases as control group,the indexes of premature rupture of membranes,per-ineum wound infection,neonatal thrush and neonatal diaper rash of the two groups were recorded.The statistical method:e-numeration data by chi-square test,measurement data using analysis of varianc.Results The positive rate of Monilia was 23.1% (125/542),higher than 19.3% reported in domestic.The incidence rates of neonatal diaper rash,premature rupture of membranes,neonatal thrush and perineum wound infection of the observation group were respectively 19.2%,8.0%, 16.8% and 12.8%,all much higher than the control group respectively was 8.4%,1.2%,3.8% and 1.7%,(χ2 =12.578~29.273,all P <0.01).Conclusion Monilia infection of pregnant women in labor could increase the chance of adverse preg-nancy outcomes.Healthy or clinical doctors should suggest that pregnant women early carry out routine examination and ear-ly treatment,in order to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.