Objective:To investigate the differences in cross-frequency coupling (CFC) characteristics of electroencephalography (EEG) between narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and narcolepsy type 2 (NT2).Methods:A total of 23 NT1 and 31 NT2 patients were included from the Chinese Clinical Sleep Database (CCSD) between October 2022 and September 2023. All participants underwent overnight polysomnography and a multiple sleep latency test. CFC features were extracted from EEG signals during polysomnography, encompassing various combinations of sleep stages, electrode pairs, frequency bands, and coupling types. Feature selection was performed using elastic net regularization. The Spearman correlation between key CFC features and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores was analyzed. Finally, a support vector classification (SVC) model was constructed to distinguish NT1 from NT2, and leave-one-out cross-validation was used to assess the generalization performance.Results:Among all coupling features during non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 1 (N1), the fronto-occipital θ-α1 and central δ-α1 couplings showed the highest absolute coefficients, reaching 1.13 and 1.10, respectively. In the NT1 group, the α1-β2 imaginary part of phase-locking value (iPLV) of the F3-C3 pair during N1 was significantly positively correlated with ESS scores ( r=0.52, P=0.012). In the machine learning classification task, the SVC model achieved an accuracy of 85% using leave-one-out cross-validation. Conclusion:The CFC features during the sleep-wake transition stage play an important role in distinguishing NT1 from NT2 and show a significant correlation with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in NT1. CFC may serve as a potential biomarker for differentiating narcolepsy subtypes and provide new insights into the mechanisms and clinical evaluation of EDS.

Objective:To investigate the differences in cross-frequency coupling (CFC) characteristics of electroencephalography (EEG) between narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and narcolepsy type 2 (NT2).Methods:A total of 23 NT1 and 31 NT2 patients were included from the Chinese Clinical Sleep Database (CCSD) between October 2022 and September 2023. All participants underwent overnight polysomnography and a multiple sleep latency test. CFC features were extracted from EEG signals during polysomnography, encompassing various combinations of sleep stages, electrode pairs, frequency bands, and coupling types. Feature selection was performed using elastic net regularization. The Spearman correlation between key CFC features and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores was analyzed. Finally, a support vector classification (SVC) model was constructed to distinguish NT1 from NT2, and leave-one-out cross-validation was used to assess the generalization performance.Results:Among all coupling features during non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 1 (N1), the fronto-occipital θ-α1 and central δ-α1 couplings showed the highest absolute coefficients, reaching 1.13 and 1.10, respectively. In the NT1 group, the α1-β2 imaginary part of phase-locking value (iPLV) of the F3-C3 pair during N1 was significantly positively correlated with ESS scores ( r=0.52, P=0.012). In the machine learning classification task, the SVC model achieved an accuracy of 85% using leave-one-out cross-validation. Conclusion:The CFC features during the sleep-wake transition stage play an important role in distinguishing NT1 from NT2 and show a significant correlation with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in NT1. CFC may serve as a potential biomarker for differentiating narcolepsy subtypes and provide new insights into the mechanisms and clinical evaluation of EDS.

Objective: To explore the association of milk tea consumption with comorbid of overweight/obesity and depressive symptoms among college students, so as to provide a reference for promoting the physical and mental health of college students. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted from August to October 2023 using convenience sampling among 13 920 students from nine universities in Shanghai, Jiangxi, and Hubei provinces (municipality directly under the central government). Information on college students demographic characteristics, milk tea consumption, overweight/obesity status, and depressive symptoms was collected. Chi square tests were used to compare the association between different demographic characteristics and milk tea consumption with comorbid overweight/obesity and depressive symptoms. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed to infer the strength of the association. Results: The detection rate of comorbidity of overweight/obesity and depressive symptoms was 5.8% among college students. The univariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences in the detection rate of comorbidity of overweight/obesity and depressive symptoms among various groups, including gender, grade, parents education level, only child status, family economic status, meeting moderate to high levels of physical activity standards, sleep quality, and frequent fast food consumption ( χ 2= 82.10, 23.07, 8.91, 10.87 , 4.56, 47.60, 17.60, 386.74, 96.61, P <0.05). There were also statistically significant differences between groups based on milk tea consumption frequency and quantity ( χ 2=42.12, 38.76, P <0.01). Compared with the group of without consuming milk tea, Logistic regression analysis showed that college students who consumed milk tea 4-5 times and ≥6 times had higher risk of comorbid overweight/obesity and depressive symptoms ( OR =1.98, 2.46), and college students who consumed 1-1 500 mL and ≥3 000 mL of milk tea also had higher comorbidity risk ( OR =1.52, 1.22) ( P <0.05). Conclusions Frequent and excessive milk tea consumption among college students may increase the risk of comorbid of overweight/obesity and depressive symptoms. It is recommended to reduce the frequency and quantity of milk tea consumption to improve college students physical and mental health.

A 52-year-old female patient with hypertension and diabetes mellitus had mild and moderate arterial lesions of bilateral lower extremities. The computed tomographic angiography ( CTA) was performed to clarify the degree of vascular stenosis. Before examination, this patient′s blood pressure was 135/73 mmHg. She was given intraarterial iopamidol [37 g(I) /100 ml] 65 ml. About one hour after the intraarterial injection, she experienced dizziness, nausea, vomiting and fatigue, her blood pressure increased to 183/93 mmHg. After taking antihypertensive drugs for about one hour, those symptoms relieved and blood pressure was 150/90 mmHg. At about 5. 5 hours, the above clinical symptoms reappeared and blood pressure rose to 260/120 mmHg. Urapidil 100 mg was administered through continuous intravenous pump and the pump speed was 3. 0-6. 0 mg/h. After 3. 5 hours of treatment, the blood pressure decreased to 160/80 mmHg and the clinical symptoms of dizziness, nausea and vomiting disappeared. Therefore urapidil was stopped and captopril 12. 5 mg was temporarily orally administered. Though the constant adjustment of antihypertensive therapy, the patient′s blood pressure was stable at 140-150/70-80 mmHg.

A 52-year-old female patient with hypertension and diabetes mellitus had mild and moderate arterial lesions of bilateral lower extremities. The computed tomographic angiography ( CTA) was performed to clarify the degree of vascular stenosis. Before examination, this patient′s blood pressure was 135/73 mmHg. She was given intraarterial iopamidol [37 g(I) /100 ml] 65 ml. About one hour after the intraarterial injection, she experienced dizziness, nausea, vomiting and fatigue, her blood pressure increased to 183/93 mmHg. After taking antihypertensive drugs for about one hour, those symptoms relieved and blood pressure was 150/90 mmHg. At about 5. 5 hours, the above clinical symptoms reappeared and blood pressure rose to 260/120 mmHg. Urapidil 100 mg was administered through continuous intravenous pump and the pump speed was 3. 0-6. 0 mg/h. After 3. 5 hours of treatment, the blood pressure decreased to 160/80 mmHg and the clinical symptoms of dizziness, nausea and vomiting disappeared. Therefore urapidil was stopped and captopril 12. 5 mg was temporarily orally administered. Though the constant adjustment of antihypertensive therapy, the patient′s blood pressure was stable at 140-150/70-80 mmHg.