Objective To introduce the causes of accidents and the diagnosis and treatment of two patients with radiation-induced skin injury admitted to our hospital in 2023, and to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of subsequent radiation-induced skin injury. Methods The clinical treatment process of two patients with acute skin injury caused by external radiation exposure were summarized and analyzed. Results The exposure history of the two patients was reconstructed, the flaw detection scenario was simulated, the biological dose and hand skin exposure dose were estimated, and the infrared thermal imaging device was used for dynamic monitoring. A comprehensive analysis was conducted based on clinical manifestations and other data. The diagnosis of “Xie” was excessive exposure combined with acute radiation-induced skin injury on both hands (Grade IV for the right hand palm, index finger, and middle finger and Grade II for the left hand little finger). The diagnosis of “Hao” was acute radiation-induced skin injury on both hands (Grade I). The two patients received different clinical treatment measures: “Xie” was treated with both local and systemic therapies, while “Hao” was mainly treated with systemic therapy. Conclusion After systematic and effective treatment, the radiation-induced skin injuries healed in both patients.

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome （CP/CPPS） is a prevalent and complex condition in urology and one of the leading causes of chronic pelvic pain. Due to its prolonged duration and recurrent episodes，CP/CPPS significantly impacts patients' quality of life. Abnormal activation of the nuclear transcription factor-κB （NF-κB） pathway influences pathological processes such as the inflammatory response，oxidative stress，apoptosis，and tissue fibrosis in the body，thereby promoting the progression of CP/CPPS. Currently，Western medical therapies include antibiotics，pain relievers，α-blockers，and physiotherapy，yet they still fail to halt the pathological process of CP/CPPS. Research indicates that traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） can modulate the NF-κB pathway through a multi-target and multi-pathway approach，effectively reducing prostate tissue damage and prostate index and alleviating pain and lower urinary tract symptoms. On the basis of existing studies，this paper systematically examines the intrinsic connection between CP/CPPS and the NF-κB pathway and summarizes the effects of TCM active ingredients （e.g.，emodin，quercetin，and gentiopicroside），extracts （e.g.，Oldenlandia diffusa extract），classical medidcinal pairs （e.g.，Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex-Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma），and compound prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines （e.g.，Qianliexiao decoction，Jiedu Huoxue decoction，Qianlie Shutong capsules） in treating CP/CPPS by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. The review of the research findings on treating CP/CPPS through this pathway aims to offer insights for clinical practice of TCM in the prevention and treatment of CP/CPPS，as well as to provide references for basic research and new drug development in this domain.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） is a common chronic progressive disease in middle-aged and elderly men， characterized by prostate enlargement and bladder outlet obstruction， leading to symptoms such as frequent urination， urgency， and difficulty urinating. The pathogenesis of BPH involves factors such as aging， hormonal metabolic abnormalities， inflammatory responses， and imbalances in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Currently， the main treatment methods for BPH include medication， physical therapy， and surgical intervention. However， medication may cause side effects like sexual dysfunction and hypotension， physical therapy has limited efficacy， and surgery carries risks and postoperative complications. Therefore， there is an urgent need to find safer and more effective treatment options. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， with its focus on treatment based on syndrome differentiation and a holistic approach， offers therapeutic advantages through multiple pathways and mechanisms. Recent studies have shown that TCM regulates pathways such as phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt）， nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）， mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPK）， nuclear factor E₂-related factor 2/antioxidant response element （Nrf2/ARE）， androgen receptor （AR）， transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β）/Smad， and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor （HIF-1α/VEGF） to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory response， reduce prostate cell proliferation， and promote apoptosis， thus exerting therapeutic effects. This article summarizes and analyzes the roles of these signaling pathways in the occurrence and development of BPH and the mechanisms of TCM intervention， aiming to provide scientific evidence for clinical treatment and drug development for BPH.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） is a common chronic progressive disease in middle-aged and elderly men， characterized by prostate enlargement and bladder outlet obstruction， leading to symptoms such as frequent urination， urgency， and difficulty urinating. The pathogenesis of BPH involves factors such as aging， hormonal metabolic abnormalities， inflammatory responses， and imbalances in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Currently， the main treatment methods for BPH include medication， physical therapy， and surgical intervention. However， medication may cause side effects like sexual dysfunction and hypotension， physical therapy has limited efficacy， and surgery carries risks and postoperative complications. Therefore， there is an urgent need to find safer and more effective treatment options. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， with its focus on treatment based on syndrome differentiation and a holistic approach， offers therapeutic advantages through multiple pathways and mechanisms. Recent studies have shown that TCM regulates pathways such as phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt）， nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）， mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPK）， nuclear factor E₂-related factor 2/antioxidant response element （Nrf2/ARE）， androgen receptor （AR）， transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β）/Smad， and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor （HIF-1α/VEGF） to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory response， reduce prostate cell proliferation， and promote apoptosis， thus exerting therapeutic effects. This article summarizes and analyzes the roles of these signaling pathways in the occurrence and development of BPH and the mechanisms of TCM intervention， aiming to provide scientific evidence for clinical treatment and drug development for BPH.

Objective: To study the effects and potential mechanisms of the aquaporin 1(AQP1) inhibitor acetazolamide(AZ) on the proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory response of rheumatoid arthritis(RA) fibroblast-like synoviocytes(FLS). Methods: TNF-α-induced RA-FLS was served as in vitro RA model. MTT assay, IF staining, and EdU incorporation assay were applied to study AZ′s effects on RA-FLS proliferation. Hoechst staining, flow cytometry analysis of Annexin V-FITC/PI-stained cells, and mitochondrial membrane potential detection experiments were used to detect cell apoptosis. ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR methods were used to measure pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Cell autophagy was evaluated using IF staining and mCherry-GFP-LC3B puncta assay. Western blot was performed to detect the levels of autophagy, apoptosis, and proliferation-related proteins. Moreover, the role of autophagy inhibition in AZ′s effects on RA-FLS was examined by co-treating with the autophagy activator rapamycin(RAPA) or the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine(3-MA). Results: AZ dose⁃dependently inhibited cell proliferation , promoted apoptosis , and reduced the production of pro⁃inflammatory cytokines in RA⁃FLS. Furthermore , AZ suppressed cytoprotective autophagy in these cells , as evidenced by decreased LC3B levels ( P < 0. 05 ) , increased p62 expression ( P < 0. 05 ) , and reduced autophagic flux ( P <0. 01) . Particularly , AZ ′s beneficial effects were reversed by RAPA⁃induced autophagy activation and enhanced by 3 ⁃MA⁃induced autophagy inhibition. Conclusion This study provides the first evidence that AZ hinders cytoprotective autophagy , thereby alleviating the hyperproliferation , apoptosis resistance , and aberrant inflammatory response of RA⁃FLS , revealing the core role of autophagy inhibition in AZ ′s anti⁃RA effects.

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a refractory condition characterized by chronic inflammation of the bladder wall, disruption of the urothelial barrier, and neural sensitization. Current therapies, such as oral pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) or intravesical hyaluronic acid instillations, offer limited efficacy due to transient effects and an inability to reverse tissue fibrosis. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), a regenerative medicine approach, has demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in urological disorders through the synergistic actions of its multiple growth factors. This review summarizes the latest advances in PRP therapy for IC/BPS, revealing that the underlying mechanisms primarily involve the release of diverse growth factors, suppression of inflammatory responses, restoration of the urothelial barrier, and modulation of nerve axonal regeneration. Clinically, PRP therapy significantly alleviates symptoms including pelvic/bladder pain, urinary frequency, nocturia episodes, and improves patients'quality of life. Furthermore, it offers advantages such as convenient administration, a favorable safety profile, and strong feasibility, presenting new therapeutic methods and options for the clinical treatment of IC/BPS.

Thoracolumbar trauma, including fractures, dislocations and spinal cord injuries, often result from high-energy injuries such as traffic accidents and falls from heights. It not only causes severe pain and restricted movement for patients, but also leads to neurological damage and even permanent disability. Currently, the diagnosis and treatment of thoracolumbar trauma are faced with many problems, such as possible missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis, lack of individualized and standardized treatment plans, and lack of objective and quantitative metrics for postoperative assessment. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology offers innovative ideas to these problems. Among them, the core AI technology such as machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), computer vision, and robotics has demonstrated outstanding capabilities in medical image analysis, clinical decision support, etc., which can significantly improve the diagnostic precision, surgical planning efficiency, and postoperative management level of thoracolumbar trauma. At present, application of AI technology in cross-modal data integration, clinical decision support, and long-term efficacy prediction in the field of thoracolumbar trauma remains to be systematically sorted out. To this end, the authors reviewed the research progress of AI technology in the diagnosis, treatment, and postoperative management of thoracolumbar trauma, providing a reference for a wide application of AI technology in the management of thoracolumbar trauma.

Thoracolumbar trauma, including fractures, dislocations and spinal cord injuries, often result from high-energy injuries such as traffic accidents and falls from heights. It not only causes severe pain and restricted movement for patients, but also leads to neurological damage and even permanent disability. Currently, the diagnosis and treatment of thoracolumbar trauma are faced with many problems, such as possible missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis, lack of individualized and standardized treatment plans, and lack of objective and quantitative metrics for postoperative assessment. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology offers innovative ideas to these problems. Among them, the core AI technology such as machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), computer vision, and robotics has demonstrated outstanding capabilities in medical image analysis, clinical decision support, etc., which can significantly improve the diagnostic precision, surgical planning efficiency, and postoperative management level of thoracolumbar trauma. At present, application of AI technology in cross-modal data integration, clinical decision support, and long-term efficacy prediction in the field of thoracolumbar trauma remains to be systematically sorted out. To this end, the authors reviewed the research progress of AI technology in the diagnosis, treatment, and postoperative management of thoracolumbar trauma, providing a reference for a wide application of AI technology in the management of thoracolumbar trauma.

Diabetes mellitus erectile dysfunction(DMED)is a common diabetic-related vascular,endo-crine and neuropathy in clinical practice,and patients with DMED often present with symptoms such as difficulty in erection,prolonged erection time,poor hardness,and short sexual intercourse.The etiological mechanism is complex,and it is often closely related to many factors such as oxidative stress(OS),inflammatory response,and neurological and endocrine lesions,which often cross-react and promote the progression of DMED lesions.In recent years,relevant studies have shown that OS and ferroptosis play a key role in DMED:OS can cause neuro-logical and Abnormal endocrine function,decreased synthesis or bioavailability of penile vascular endothelium,spongy endothelial cell dysfunction and decreased smooth muscle diastolic function,resulting in penile erectile dysfunction,and ferroptosis has also been confirmed to be closely related to DMED,controlling OS and ferroptosis to improve erectile function in diabetic patients is a reasonable and effective treatment pathway,but the mechanism of action of ferroptosis leading to DMED needs to be further studied.Therefore,this article reviews the latest infor-mation on the correlation between OS and ferroptosis and DMED,aiming to provide a useful reference for exploring the mechanism of DMED,clinical prevention and treatment of DMED,and providing potential directions for future research in this field.

Prostate cancer （PCa） is one of the most common malignant tumors in the male genitourinary system. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway is a carcinogenic pathway responsible for the migration， proliferation， and drug resistance of various cancers. In recent years， as the research on the pathogenesis of PCa is deepening， the role of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the development of PCa has attracted much attention. Traditional Chinese medicine， comprehensively regulating multiple components， targets， and pathways， has shown great potential in the treatment of PCa. This article reviews the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the treatment of PCa and discusses the expression of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in PCa， which involves inhibiting apoptosis of PCa cells， promoting the cell cycle， invasion， and migration of PCa cells， promoting tumor tissue angiogenesis， and mediating the androgen receptor. Additionally， it summarizes the single Chinese medicines that target and regulate this pathway， including Hedyotis diffusa， Taxus chinensis， Bovisc Alculus， and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma. The active ingredients of these Chinese medicines mainly include flavonoids， alkaloids， terpenes， polyphenols， lignans， and other compounds. The Chinese medicine compound prescriptions targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway mainly include Wenshen Sanjie prescription， Jianspi Lishi Huayu prescription， Yishen Tonglongtang， Qilan prescription， Xihuangwan， and modified Shenqi Dihuangtang. This review is expected to provide a scientific basis for deeply understanding the pathogenesis of PCa and identifying potential therapeutic targets， as well as to provide new ideas for clinical research and drug development for PCa.