ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of a cluster of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection in a kindergarten in Gongshu District of Hangzhou City in May 2024, and to provide reference for the prevention and control of similar outbreaks. MethodsAn on-site investigation was conducted using an epidemiological case investigation form. Throat swab specimens collected from cases were screened for 13 respiratory pathogens using real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For HMPV nucleic acid positive specimens, the F gene of HMPV was used as the target gene for amplification and sequencing. The sequencing results were then compared with sequences in GenBank database to determine the virus subtypes and perform phylogenetic analyses. ResultsThe outbreak occurred in a kindergarter junior class with a total of 28 preschoolers and 3 teachers and childcare workers. A total of 11 cases (10 preschoolers and 1 teacher) were identified, including 8 male cases and 3 female cases. Clinical manifestations included fever in all 11 cases (100.00%), cough in 8 cases (72.72%), catarrhal symptoms in 4 cases (36.36%), and headache in 3 cases (27.27%). All symptoms were mild, and no severe cases were observed. A total of 11 throat swab samples were collected. Real-time fluorescent PCR test results showed that 3 samples were positive for HMPV nucleic acid, 2 samples were positive for both HMPV and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 1 sample was positive for both HMPV and rhinovirus. The sequences of the 6 HMPV nucleic acid positive specimens were amplified and analyzed using specific primers, and all were determined to be HMPV subtype A2b. The F gene fragment sequence showed the highest similarity to PV081665.1/Brazil/2024 (99.65%), and also exhibited high similarity to PP683455.1/Indonesia/2021 (99.48%), PV016275.1/Beijing/2024 (99.31%), and PV052230.1/USA/2024 (99.13%). ConclusionThis cluster of acute respiratory tract infection was caused by HMPV subtype A2b, with co-infection of rhinovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The F gene fragment sequences of the HMPV in this outbreak were highly homologous to those of the A2b strains isolated from Brazil, Beijing, Indonesia, and the the United States.

In the new era with the rapid development of internet techonology,the online-and-offline blended teaching mode will be a new trend in the future.BOPPPS teaching model includes six modules:Bridge-in,objective,pre-assessment,participatory learning,post-assessment and summary.The concept of BOPPPS was integrated into the online and offline blended teaching process of Medical Immunology,and the teaching was divided into three stages:Online in pre-class,offline class and online in after-class.Based on the Super Star APP,the first three modules of BOPPPS,including bridge-in,objective,pre-assessment,were carried out online before class.The last three modules of participatory learning,post-assessment and summary were integrated in the offline class and on-line after class.In the teaching process,we pay attention to student-centered,teacher-student interaction in the whole process,which greatly improves the teaching quality.The purpose of this article is to provide reference for the blended teaching in medical colleges and universities in the post-epidemic era.

Objective To conduct a multidimensional and multi-level evaluation of the comprehensive clinical value of empagliflozin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods Based on the National Essential Medicines List(2018 Edition),dapagliflozin was selected as the control.A comprehensive clinical evaluation index system was established through literature review,focus group interviews and in-depth expert interviews,encompassing six dimensions:safety,efficacy,economy,suitability,innovation,and accessibility.The Delphi method and hierarchical direct weighting method were used to screen indicators and determine their weights.Evidence for each indicator was collected and integrated both qualitatively and quantitatively through literature research,real-world studies,and pharmacoeconomic evaluations.Experts scored the indicators based on the collected evidence,and a total score for the comprehensive clinical evaluation of empagliflozin was calculated by combining these scores with indicator weights,followed by a comparative analysis with dapagliflozin.Results A comprehensive clinical evaluation of empagliflozin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus was successfully established,consisting of 6 primary indicators,14 secondary indicators,and 41 tertiary indicators.The overall evaluation score for empagliflozin was 90.35,and 89.47 for dapagliflozin.Conclusion The comprehensive clinical value of empagliflozin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is slightly higher than that of dapagliflozin.This finding can serve as a reference for rational clinical drug use and related decision-making.

Objective To conduct a multidimensional and multi-level evaluation of the comprehensive clinical value of empagliflozin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods Based on the National Essential Medicines List(2018 Edition),dapagliflozin was selected as the control.A comprehensive clinical evaluation index system was established through literature review,focus group interviews and in-depth expert interviews,encompassing six dimensions:safety,efficacy,economy,suitability,innovation,and accessibility.The Delphi method and hierarchical direct weighting method were used to screen indicators and determine their weights.Evidence for each indicator was collected and integrated both qualitatively and quantitatively through literature research,real-world studies,and pharmacoeconomic evaluations.Experts scored the indicators based on the collected evidence,and a total score for the comprehensive clinical evaluation of empagliflozin was calculated by combining these scores with indicator weights,followed by a comparative analysis with dapagliflozin.Results A comprehensive clinical evaluation of empagliflozin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus was successfully established,consisting of 6 primary indicators,14 secondary indicators,and 41 tertiary indicators.The overall evaluation score for empagliflozin was 90.35,and 89.47 for dapagliflozin.Conclusion The comprehensive clinical value of empagliflozin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is slightly higher than that of dapagliflozin.This finding can serve as a reference for rational clinical drug use and related decision-making.

Objective:To examine the distribution of pathogens that cause postoperative nosocomial infections in patients with rectal cancer(RC)and to construct a predictive nomogram for nosocomial infection.Methods:The clinical data of 1537 RC patients admitted to Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital between January 2021 and December 2022 were collected.Patients were assigned 1∶1 by propensity score matching(PSM)to the infection group(n=83)and control group(n=83)based on the occurrence of nosocomial infection.The dis-tribution and drug resistance of bacteria in patients with nosocomial infection were analyzed.Risk factors for postoperative nosocomial infection were identified by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)regression,and a predictive nomogram was con-structed using multivariate logistics regression.The predictive performance of the model was evaluated by receiver operating character-istic(ROC)curve,calibration curve,and decision curve analysis(DCA).Results:A total of 93 strains of pathogens were isolated from the 83 infected patients,including 62 strains of Gram-negative bacteria(66.67%;predominantly Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas ae-ruginosa),25 strains of Gram-positive bacteria(26.88%;mainly Enterococcus faecalis),and 6 strains of fungi(6.45%;all Candida albicans).LASSO and multivariate logistics regression showed that smoking(odds ratio[OR]=3.97,95%CI=1.27-12.43),the dwelling time of drainage tube(OR=1.19,95%CI=1.08-1.30),difference in preoperative and postoperative neutrophil counts(OR=1.23,95%CI=1.01-1.49),and difference between preoperative and postoperative C-reactive protein levels(OR=1.05,95%CI=1.03-1.07)were inde-pendent risk factors for postoperative nosocomial infection in RC patients.The area under the ROC curve of the nomogram constructed based on the above factors was 0.933(95%CI=0.896-0.969).The calibration curve showed that the predicted risk was in good agree-ment with the actual observed risk of infection.In addition,DCA demonstrated that the nomogram has good clinical utility and high net clinical benefits in predicting nosocomial infection.Conclusion:The nomogram constructed in this study has a good predictive perfor-mance in postoperative nosocomial infection in RC patients.

Objective To investigate the effect of tirofiban combined with oxiracetam on acute anterior circulation progressive cerebral infarction.Methods A total of 171 patients with acute anteri-or circulation progressive cerebral infarction from October 2022 to January 2024 were enrolled and ran-domly divided into three groups using a random number table.The control group of 57 patients re-ceived conventional treatment,the observation group A received tirofiban in addition to conventional treatment,and the observation group B received oxiracetam on the basis of observation group A's treat-ment.The effectiveness indicators[including the rates of neurological improvement and neurological deterioration at 14 days after treatment,the rate of good prognosis and modified Rankin Scale(MRS)scores at 90 days after treatment,as well as the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)scores at 7 and 14 days after treatment and their differences from baseline],cognitive function[as-sessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MOCA)],and safety indicators(incidence rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage,fatal intracranial hemorrhage,and mortality at 90 days after treat-ment)were compared among the three groups.Results There were no statistically significant differ-ences in the rates of neurological improvement and neurological deterioration at 14 days after treatment,the rate of good prognosis,and MRS scores at 90 days after treatment among the three groups(P＞0.05).There were statistically significant differences in NIHSS scores between baseline and 7 and 14 days after treatment in all three groups(P＜0.05),and the differences in NIHSS scores from baseline at the above time points were higher in observation group B than in observation group A and the control group(P＜0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in MOCA scores among the three groups before treatment(P＞0.05);however,the MOCA scores in the observation group B were higher than those in observation group A and the control group at 14,30,and 90 days after treatment(P＜0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage,fatal intracranial hemorrhage,and mortality at 90 days after treatment among the three groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Tirofiban combined with oxiracetam can improve cognitive function in patients with acute anterior circulation progressive cerebral infarc-tion without increasing the risk of hemorrhage,and has better prognosis.

Objective To explore the efficacy of auricular plaster therapy with press needles combined with eszopiclone tablets in the treatment of patients with post-stroke insomnia(PSI)and its effect on the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β).Methods A total of 120 PSI patients were selected as the study subjects and randomly divided into group A(60 cases)and group B(60 cases).Group A was treated with eszopiclone tablets,while group B was treated with auricular plaster therapy with press needles combined with eszopiclone tab-lets.Both groups received continuous treatment for 4 weeks.The clinical efficacy,sleep status,in-flammatory factors,neurotrophic factors,psychological state,quality of life,and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups after treatment.Results After treatment,the total clinical effective rate in the group B was 93.33％,which was higher than 80.00％in the group A(P＜0.05).The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),IL-1β,IL-6,norepinephrine(NE),the scores of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI),Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD),Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAMA),and Self-rating Scale of Sleep(SRSS)in both groups were lower than those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the above indicators in the group B were lower than those in group A,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),BDNF,and the scores of Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale(SS-QOL)were higher than those be-fore treatment,and the levels in the group B were higher than those in the group A,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the total inci-dence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Auricular plaster therapy with press needles combined with eszopiclone tablets can improve the clinical efficacy,sleep status,and quality of life in PSI patients,reduce the levels of BDNF and IL-1β,alleviate anxiety and depression,and have high safety.

In the new era with the rapid development of internet techonology,the online-and-offline blended teaching mode will be a new trend in the future.BOPPPS teaching model includes six modules:Bridge-in,objective,pre-assessment,participatory learning,post-assessment and summary.The concept of BOPPPS was integrated into the online and offline blended teaching process of Medical Immunology,and the teaching was divided into three stages:Online in pre-class,offline class and online in after-class.Based on the Super Star APP,the first three modules of BOPPPS,including bridge-in,objective,pre-assessment,were carried out online before class.The last three modules of participatory learning,post-assessment and summary were integrated in the offline class and on-line after class.In the teaching process,we pay attention to student-centered,teacher-student interaction in the whole process,which greatly improves the teaching quality.The purpose of this article is to provide reference for the blended teaching in medical colleges and universities in the post-epidemic era.

Objective To observe the imaging findings of embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes(ETMR).Methods MRI(n=8)and CT(n=6)data of 8 children with pathologically confirmed ETMR were retrospectively reviewed,and the imaging findings were analyzed.Results ETMR present as masses with the maximum diameter of 32-96 mm and clear edges in all 8 cases,located supratentorially in 5 and infratentorially in 3 cases.The supratentorial ETMR were giant cystic solid masses,while the infratentorial ETMR had relatively small volumes.No peritumoral edema was noticed.Cystic solid masses were observed in 6 cases,and the cystic portion presented as low T1WI and high T2WI signals at the edge of the masses.After administration of contrast agents,mild focal uneven enhancement in the solid portion was found in 5 cases,while 1 case was not found enhancement.Among the above 6 cases,the intratumoral bleeding and empty blood vessel shadows within the masses were observed each in 5 cases,while adjacent dura mater invasion was noticed in 3 cases.Two ETMR present as solid masses with focal nodular uneven enhancement,and the enhanced area corresponded to the low signal area on apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC)image,among them,increased choline(Cho)/creatine(Cr)and decreased N-acetyl aspartate(NAA)was found in 1 case.Limited diffusion on diffusion weighted imaging(DWI)were detected in all 8 cases.Among 6 cases who underwent CT scanning,patchy or punctate calcification,corresponding to the low signal area on MRI were detected in 4 cases.Conclusion ETMR mostly present as supratentorial large solid cystic masses with clear edges,and the cystic portion often located at the edge of masses,with characteristic vascular flow voids often accompanied by intratumoral bleeding and some with calcifications but without peritumoral edema,which showed significantly limited diffusion on DWI and weakly inhomogeneous enhancement of the solid part.

ObjectiveTen Chinese patent medicines for stable angina pectoris with qi stagnation and blood stasis were comprehensively evaluated， with the aim of providing reference for optimizing the drug list of medical institutions and promoting rational drug utilization. MethodAccording to the Expert Consensus on the Selection of Chinese Patent Medicines in Medical Institutions 2022， an evaluation framework of "6+1" dimensions was established for comprehensive evaluation of the drugs based on the indicators in three levels. ResultThe evaluation results showed that Compound Danshen dripping pills， Shexiang Baoxin pills， Di'ao Xinxuekang capsules， and Xuefu Zhuyu capsules were strongly recommended for stable angina pectoris with Qi stagnation and blood stasis， with the scores of 78.5， 76， 72， and 70.8， respectively. Suxiao Jiuxin pills， Xinkeshu Tablets， Guanxin Danshen Dripping pills， and Yindan Xinnaotong soft capsules were weakly recommended， with the scores of 68.5， 65.5， 60.5， and 60.5 respectively. Lemai pills and Yangxin Dawayimixike migao were not recommended for the time being due to their low scores （50.5 and 48.8， respectively）. There is a lack of research on special populations， pharmacokinetic parameters， post-marketing re-evaluation， and economics of the medicines. ConclusionWith the updating of Chinese patent medicines， real-world research data are needed to enhance the evidence-based support. This evaluation can only reflect the comprehensive situation at a certain stage， and dynamic evaluation remains to be carried out to provide support for decision makers.