Objective:To investigate the iodine nutrition status of children aged 8 - 10 and pregnant women in Xining City, Qinghai Province.Methods:From 2019 to 2021, a stratified cluster sampling method was used to divide 7 counties (districts) under the jurisdiction of Xining City, Qinghai Province into 5 sampling areas according to east, west, south, north, and center each year. One township (town, street) was selected from each area. Forty non boarding students aged 8 to 10 from each primary school (half male and half female, age balanced) and 20 pregnant women from each township (town, street) location were selected to collect edible salt samples at home and a random urine sample to measure salt iodine and urinary iodine level. B-ultrasound was used to measure thyroid volume in children and the goiter rate was calculated.Results:A total of 6 534 samples of household edible salt were collected from children and pregnant women, with an average salt iodine concentration of 25.58 mg/kg. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 97.50% (6 371/6 534), and the qualified iodized salt consumption rate was 89.46% (5 845/6 534). A total of 4 362 urine samples were collected from children, with a median urinary iodine level of 183.10 μg/L. The difference between different years was statistically significant ( H = 20.27, P < 0.001). A total of 2 169 urine samples were collected from pregnant women, with a median urinary iodine level of 168.90 μg/L. The difference between different years was statistically significant ( H = 107.09, P < 0.001). A total of 3 336 cases of thyroid gland examination were conducted in children, including 33 cases of thyroid enlargement, with a goiter rate of 0.99%. There was a statistically significant difference between different years (χ 2 = 15.00, P < 0.001). Conclusion:From 2019 to 2021, children aged 8 to 10 and pregnant women in Xining City are at an appropriate level of iodine, and the achievements in prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders still need to be continuously consolidated.

Objective To investigate the effects of Semaglutide injection on glycolipid metabolism and adipokine levels in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients with varying body mass index(BMI).Methods A total of 143 patients with T2DM admitted to our hospital between May 2022 and May 2024 were enrolled in this study.Based on their BMI,the patients were categorized into three groups:the normal-weight group(31 cases,18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<24 kg/m2),the super-recombinant group(49 cases,24 kg/m2≤BMI<28 kg/m2),and the obese group(63 cases,28 kg/m2≤BMI).28 kg/m2≤BMI).All participants received standard guideline-based conventional treatment and were additionally administered semaglutide injections for a duration of 12 weeks.The study compared glucose metabolism,islet β-cell function,lipid metabolism,body composition,adipokine levels before treatment and at 12 weeks post-treatment,as well as safety profiles during the treatment period across the three groups.Results After 12 weeks of treatment,the levels of fasting blood glucose(FPG),2-hour postprandial blood glucose(2 h PG),glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR),serum triglycer-ides(TG),total cholesterol(TC),and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)decreased in all three groups.Specifically,the reductions were more pronounced in the obesity group compared to the normal group and the super-reorganization group,and the super-reorganization group showed intermediate reductions between the obesity and normal groups(P<0.05).Conversely,fasting C-peptide(FCP),2-hour postprandial C-peptide(2 h CP),irisin,adipsin,and omentin-1 levels increased in all three groups after treatment,with the greatest increases observed in the obesity group,followed by the super-reorganization group,both of which were significantly higher than the normal group(P<0.05).Additionally,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)levels increased in all three groups after 12 weeks of treatment(P<0.05).BaselineBMI and total body fat mass(WBFM)were significantly higher in the obesity group compared to the super-reorganization group,which in turn were higher than the normal group(P<0.05).After treatment,BMI and WBFM decreased in both the obesity and super-reorganization groups,but remained significantly higher than in the normal group(P<0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions during treatment was 12.90％(4/31),10.20％(5/49),and 11.11％(7/63)in the normal,super-reorganization,and obesity groups,respectively,with no statistically significant differences among the groups(P>0.05).Conclusion Smiglutide injection can improve glucose and lipid metabolism,islet function,and adipokine levels in T2DM patients across different BMI categories,while also regulating body composition.It dem-onstrates a particularly strong improvement effect on glucose and lipid metabolism,islet function,and adipokine levels in overweight and obese T2DM patients.Additionally,smiglutide does not increase safety risks.

Objective:To investigate the iodine nutrition status of children aged 8 - 10 and pregnant women in Xining City, Qinghai Province.Methods:From 2019 to 2021, a stratified cluster sampling method was used to divide 7 counties (districts) under the jurisdiction of Xining City, Qinghai Province into 5 sampling areas according to east, west, south, north, and center each year. One township (town, street) was selected from each area. Forty non boarding students aged 8 to 10 from each primary school (half male and half female, age balanced) and 20 pregnant women from each township (town, street) location were selected to collect edible salt samples at home and a random urine sample to measure salt iodine and urinary iodine level. B-ultrasound was used to measure thyroid volume in children and the goiter rate was calculated.Results:A total of 6 534 samples of household edible salt were collected from children and pregnant women, with an average salt iodine concentration of 25.58 mg/kg. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 97.50% (6 371/6 534), and the qualified iodized salt consumption rate was 89.46% (5 845/6 534). A total of 4 362 urine samples were collected from children, with a median urinary iodine level of 183.10 μg/L. The difference between different years was statistically significant ( H = 20.27, P < 0.001). A total of 2 169 urine samples were collected from pregnant women, with a median urinary iodine level of 168.90 μg/L. The difference between different years was statistically significant ( H = 107.09, P < 0.001). A total of 3 336 cases of thyroid gland examination were conducted in children, including 33 cases of thyroid enlargement, with a goiter rate of 0.99%. There was a statistically significant difference between different years (χ 2 = 15.00, P < 0.001). Conclusion:From 2019 to 2021, children aged 8 to 10 and pregnant women in Xining City are at an appropriate level of iodine, and the achievements in prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders still need to be continuously consolidated.

Objective To investigate the effects of Semaglutide injection on glycolipid metabolism and adipokine levels in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients with varying body mass index(BMI).Methods A total of 143 patients with T2DM admitted to our hospital between May 2022 and May 2024 were enrolled in this study.Based on their BMI,the patients were categorized into three groups:the normal-weight group(31 cases,18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<24 kg/m2),the super-recombinant group(49 cases,24 kg/m2≤BMI<28 kg/m2),and the obese group(63 cases,28 kg/m2≤BMI).28 kg/m2≤BMI).All participants received standard guideline-based conventional treatment and were additionally administered semaglutide injections for a duration of 12 weeks.The study compared glucose metabolism,islet β-cell function,lipid metabolism,body composition,adipokine levels before treatment and at 12 weeks post-treatment,as well as safety profiles during the treatment period across the three groups.Results After 12 weeks of treatment,the levels of fasting blood glucose(FPG),2-hour postprandial blood glucose(2 h PG),glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR),serum triglycer-ides(TG),total cholesterol(TC),and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)decreased in all three groups.Specifically,the reductions were more pronounced in the obesity group compared to the normal group and the super-reorganization group,and the super-reorganization group showed intermediate reductions between the obesity and normal groups(P<0.05).Conversely,fasting C-peptide(FCP),2-hour postprandial C-peptide(2 h CP),irisin,adipsin,and omentin-1 levels increased in all three groups after treatment,with the greatest increases observed in the obesity group,followed by the super-reorganization group,both of which were significantly higher than the normal group(P<0.05).Additionally,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)levels increased in all three groups after 12 weeks of treatment(P<0.05).BaselineBMI and total body fat mass(WBFM)were significantly higher in the obesity group compared to the super-reorganization group,which in turn were higher than the normal group(P<0.05).After treatment,BMI and WBFM decreased in both the obesity and super-reorganization groups,but remained significantly higher than in the normal group(P<0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions during treatment was 12.90％(4/31),10.20％(5/49),and 11.11％(7/63)in the normal,super-reorganization,and obesity groups,respectively,with no statistically significant differences among the groups(P>0.05).Conclusion Smiglutide injection can improve glucose and lipid metabolism,islet function,and adipokine levels in T2DM patients across different BMI categories,while also regulating body composition.It dem-onstrates a particularly strong improvement effect on glucose and lipid metabolism,islet function,and adipokine levels in overweight and obese T2DM patients.Additionally,smiglutide does not increase safety risks.

In recent years, rituximab has been gradually used in the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). Compared with traditional treatments, the safety and effectiveness of rituximab in the treatment of IMN have been confirmed, which induces remission in 60%-80% of patients. For the remaining 20%-40% patients, several mechanisms can explain rituximab resistance: decreased rituximab bioavailability; internalized by targeted B cells; the generation of anti-rituximab antibody; chronic and irreversible damage to the glomerular filtration barrier; autoreactive B-cell clones in secondary lymphoid organs that cannot be effectively eliminated. The treatment of patients with rituximab-refractory IMN remains controversial and challenging. The recognition of IMN as an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease has rationalized the use of immunosuppressive drugs such as B cell-targeted therapies, plasma cell-targeted therapies, and complement inhibitors. This review mainly summarizes recent advances in the understanding of the physiological mechanisms of rituximab resistance, and in the management of rituximab-refractory IMN, aiming to aid in the clinical management of IMN.

The long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine injection regimen（CAB+RPV regimen）is the first approved long-acting antiretroviral therapy（ART）for HIV in China，administered once every two months. This regimen provides an innovative alternative to daily oral ART，benefiting virologically suppressed patients. Several large clinical-studies have shown that the CAB+RPV regimen achieves comparable virologic suppression and safety to daily oral regimens，while significantly enhancing patient satisfaction. Based on international and domestic HIV/AIDs guidelines and clinical evidence，this consensus offers expert recommendations on patient selection，clinical management，and key communication strategies for healthcare providers to support the effective use of this regimen，aiming to improve quality of life for people living with HIV and accumulate domestic clinical experience with this advanced treatment approach.

The long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine injection regimen（CAB+RPV regimen）is the first approved long-acting antiretroviral therapy（ART）for HIV in China，administered once every two months. This regimen provides an innovative alternative to daily oral ART，benefiting virologically suppressed patients. Several large clinical-studies have shown that the CAB+RPV regimen achieves comparable virologic suppression and safety to daily oral regimens，while significantly enhancing patient satisfaction. Based on international and domestic HIV/AIDs guidelines and clinical evidence，this consensus offers expert recommendations on patient selection，clinical management，and key communication strategies for healthcare providers to support the effective use of this regimen，aiming to improve quality of life for people living with HIV and accumulate domestic clinical experience with this advanced treatment approach.

Astrocytes are important nerve cells in the central nervous system （CNS）， which mainly play a key role in nutrition and support. Astrocytes and neurons undergo close energy coupling and substance coupling， which are closely related and interact with each other. In recent years， many studies have shown that the astrocyte-neuron coupling imbalance plays a central role in the occurrence and progression of Alzheimer's disease （AD） and serves as an important therapeutic target receiving increasing attention. According to traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） theory， the main pathogenesis of AD is kidney deficiency and marrow inadequacy， and in clinical medication， kidney-tonifying and marrow-filling TCM prescriptions are often employed with satisfactory results achieved. As reported， many kidney-tonifying and marrow-filling prescriptions exhibit regulatory and protective effects on the imbalance of astrocyte-neuron coupling， suggesting that the effect of kidney-tonifying and marrow-filling prescriptions in treating AD may have some internal relationship with its regulation of the imbalance of astrocyte-neuron coupling. This article reviewed the underlying internal relationship between the imbalance of astrocyte-neuron coupling and the pathogenesis of kidney deficiency and marrow inadequacy in AD and the research progress in the intervention mechanism of TCM for tonifying the kidney and filling the marrow.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Dihuang Yinzi in improving astrocyte injury and glycolysis in Alzheimer's disease （AD） mice via regulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway， thereby improving the cognitive function of AD mice. MethodForty male APP/PS1 transgenic mice aged four months were randomly divided into a model group and a model + Dihuang Yinzi （0.25 g·kg^-1） group， with 20 mice in each group. Forty C57BL/6J mice with the same background and same age were randomly divided into a control group and a control + Dihuang Yinzi （0.25 g·kg^-1） group， with 20 mice in each group. The mice in the control + Dihuang Yinzi group and the model + Dihuang Yinzi group were administered with Dihuang Yinzi by gavage， and those in the control group and the model group received an equal volume of sterilized normal saline， once a day for 150 days. Morris water maze test was performed to test the ability of navigation and space exploration of mice. The protein expression of p-PI3K， PI3K， p-Akt， Akt， phosphofructokinase-1 （PFK-1）， and aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member B2 （ALDH3B2） in mouse brain tissues was measured by Western blot. An immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect astrocyte morphology and the expression level of ALDH3B2. ResultAs compared with the control group， the model group showed prolonged escape latency during the 2^nd to 5^th days of the location-based navigation （P<0.05， P<0.01）， reduced number of times crossing the target area of the platform， shortened residence time in the target quadrant （P<0.05， P<0.01）， prolonged residence time in the opposite quadrant （P<0.05）， increased surface area of the cell body and total length of cell protrusions of astrocytes （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and down-regulated protein expression of p-PI3K， p-Akt， ALDH3B2， and PFK-1 （P<0.01）， while the above experimental indexes were not significantly different in the control + Dihuang Yinzi group. Compared with the model group， the model + Dihuang Yinzi group showed shortened escape latency of APP/PS1 mice during the 2^nd to 5^th days of the location-based navigation （P<0.05， P<0.01）， increased number of times crossing the platform， prolonged target quadrant residence time （P<0.05， P<0.01）， shortened residence time in the opposite quadrant （P<0.05）， reduced surface area of the cell body and total length of cell protrusions of astrocytes （P<0.05）， and up-regulated protein expression of p-PI3K， p-Akt， ALDH3B2， and PFK-1 （P<0.01）. ConclusionDihuang Yinzi can improve the learning and memory ability of AD mice by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and up-regulating the protein expression of PFK-1 and ALDH3B2 to protect against astrocyte injury in brain tissues and improve glycolysis.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Dihuang Yinzi （DHYZ）in improving astrocyte injury in the brain and regulating energy metabolism and autophagy disorder in Alzheimer's disease （AD） model mice. MethodForty male APP/PS1 transgenic mice aged four months were randomly divided into a model group and a model + DHYZ group （2.5 g·kg^-1）， with 20 mice in each group. Forty C57BL/6J mice with the same background and same age were randomly divided into a control group and a control + DHYZ group （2.5 g·kg^-1）， with 20 mice in each group. The mice in the control group and the model group were administered with an equal volume of sterilized normal saline by gavage， once a day for 150 days. Novel object recognition test and step-down test were performed to evaluate the learning and memory ability of mice. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） in astrocytes was detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot. High-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was used to detect adenosine triphosphate （ATP）， adenosine diphosphate （ADP）， and adenosine monophosphate （AMP） in brain tissues of mice， and the data obtained were used to calculate energy charge （EC） levels. The phosphorylation levels of liver kinase B1 （LKB1）， adenosine 5′-monophosphate （AMP）-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， UNC-51-like kinase 1 （ULK1）， and mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） and the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1， microtuble-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ， and p62 in mouse brain were measured by Western blot. ResultCompared with the control group， the model group showed decreased novel object recognition index， shortened retention latency， increased error times in the step-down test， up-regulated protein expression of GFAP， decreased content of ATP， ADP， and EC in brain tissues， elevated AMP ， increased levels of p-AMPK， p-LKB1， and p-mTOR， and protein expression of p62 ， and down-regulated p-ULK1 level and protein expression of Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ（P<0.01）， while the above experimental indexes were not significantly different in the control + DHYZ group. Compared with the model group， the model + DHYZ group showed increased novel object recognition index（P<0.05）， prolonged retention latency（P<0.01）， decreased error times（P<0.01） in the step-down test， reduced protein expression of GFAP（P<0.05）， increased content of ATP， ADP， and EC in brain tissues （P<0.05， P<0.01）， decreased AMP content（P<0.05）， reduced p-AMPK， p-LKB1， and p-mTOR levels and protein expression of p62， and up-regulated p-ULK1 level and protein expression of Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ（P<0.01）. ConclusionBy protecting astrocytes， DHYZ can improve energy metabolism and autophagy disorder in AD mice to improve the learning and memory ability of model mice.