Eight compounds were isolated and purified from the ethyl acetate part of 70% acetone extract of Rehmannia glutinosa by various chromatographic techniques such as silica gel, MCI gel CHP-20, ODS, Toyopearl HW-40C, combined with TLC and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by modern spectroscopy techniques (NMR, MS, UV, IR), and identified as neomartynoside A (1), osmanthuside B₆ (2), martynoside (3), isomartynoside (4), (E)-p-hydroxycinnamic acid (5), caffeic acid (6), ferulic acid (7), and methyl caffeate (8). Compound 1 is a new phenylethanol glycoside, which was identified as neomartynoside A. Compound 2 was isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa for the first time. In addition, compounds 2, 6 and 7 significantly increased relative glucose consumption, showing potential hypoglycemic activity.

Drug impurity control is essential for ensuring pharmaceutical quality.In this study,an unknown impurity at relative retention time(RRT)of 0.45 in Torasemide injection was systematically investigated using high performance liquid chromatography-ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry(LC-IT-TOF-MS/MS),forced degradation studies,and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,aiming to elucidate its chemical structure,propose a formation mechanism,and establish a control strategy.By analysis of the ultraviolet absorption spectrum and high-resolution MS1 and MS2 data of the impurity,its possible structure was postulated.Subsequently,the target impurity was prepared via forced degradation experiment,and its structure was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy.A detailed analysis of its formation mechanism revealed that Torasemide first hydrolyzed in solution to form Torasemide sulfonamide,and then underwent condensation,dehydration,and cyclization reactions with trace amounts of formaldehyde in the excipient polyethylene glycol(PEG)400 to generate the impurity.It was experimentally proven that the target impurity was related to the residual oxygen content in Torasemide injection.Ultimately,by optimizing the prescription process,the target impurity level was controlled below the individual impurity limit of the final product(≤0.3%).This study provided valuable insights for enhancing the quality control of Torasemide injection.

Biomedical data is surging due to technological innovations and integration of multidisciplinary data, posing challenges to data management. This article summarizes the policies, data collection efforts, platform construction, and applications of biomedical data in China, aiming to identify key issues and needs, enhance the capacity-building of platform construction, unleash the value of data, and leverage the advantages of China's vast amount of data.
China ; Humans ; Biomedical Research ; Data Management ; Data Collection

With the rise of data-intensive research, data literacy has become a critical capability for improving scientific data quality and achieving artificial intelligence (AI) readiness. In the biomedical domain, data are characterized by high complexity and privacy sensitivity, calling for robust and systematic data management skills. This paper reviews current trends in scientific data governance and the evolving policy landscape, highlighting persistent challenges such as inconsistent standards, semantic misalignment, and limited awareness of compliance. These issues are largely rooted in the lack of structured training and practical support for researchers. In response, this study builds on existing data literacy frameworks and integrates the specific demands of biomedical research to propose a comprehensive, lifecycle-oriented data literacy competency model with an emphasis on ethics and regulatory awareness. Furthermore, it outlines a tiered training strategy tailored to different research stages-undergraduate, graduate, and professional, offering theoretical foundations and practical pathways for universities and research institutions to advance data literacy education.
Artificial Intelligence ; Humans ; Biomedical Research

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of immediate laparoscopic radical prostatectomy immediately following the diagnosis of locally advanced prostate cancer.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 63 patients with locally advanced prostate cancer who met the inclusion criteria diagnosed in The 1st People's Hospital of Qujing City,Yunnan Province from January 2018 to January 2023.All patients were diagnosed via ultrasound-guided transperineal prostate biopsy.The experimental group consisted of 37 patients who underwent immediate laparoscopic radical prostatectomy after pathological diagnosis,followed by postoperative adjuvant hormone therapy.The control group included 26 patients who first received 3 months of neoadjuvant hormone therapy before undergoing radical surgery,followed by adjuvant hormone therapy postoperatively.The two groups were compared in terms of surgical duration,intraoperative blood loss,length of hospital stay,duration of catheterization,positive surgical margin rate,rectal injury,positive lymph node rate,incidence of urinary fistula and lymphatic leakage,changes in PSA level,postoperative urinary control,biochemical recurrence and distant metastasis.Results In the control group,serum PSA levels,prostate volume,and clinical staging significantly decreased after neoadjuvant hormon therapy.The positive surgical margin rate in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group,with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of surgical duration,intraoperative blood loss,length of hospital stay,duration of catheterization,rectal injury,positive lymph node rate,incidence of urinary fistula and lymphatic leakage(P>0.05).Follow-up at 18 to 36 months revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of serum PSA levels at one month post-surgery,complete urinary control rate at six months post-surgery,and biochemical recurrence and distant metastasis at one and two years post-surgery(P>0.05).Conclusion Immediate laparoscopic radical prostatectomy following the diagnosis of locally advanced prostate cancer is a clinically safe and feasible treatment option.Noadjuvant hormone therapy reduces tumor staging,lowers the positive surgical margin rate,significantly decreases prostate volume,and provides greater operational space without increasing surgical risks.

ObjectiveTo investigate the role of 4-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in modulating the metabolic homeostasis of the pyruvate-lactate axis in the hippocampus of rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) to improve their depressive-like behavior. MethodsForty-eight SPF-grade 8-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the normal quiet group (C), the CUMS quiet group (M), the normal exercise group (HC), and the CUMS exercise group (HM). The M and HM groups received 8 weeks of CUMS modeling, while the HC and HM groups were exposed to 4 weeks of HIIT starting from the 5th week (3 min (85%-90%) S_max+1 min (50%-55%) S_max, 3-5 cycles, S_max is the maximum movement speed). A lactate analyzer was used to detect the blood lactate concentration in the quiet state of rats in the HC and HM groups at week 4 and in the 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after exercise, as well as in the quiet state of rats in each group at week 8. Behavioral indexes such as sucrose preference rate, number of times of uprightness and number of traversing frames in the absenteeism experiment, and other behavioral indexes were used to assess the depressive-like behavior of the rats at week 4 and week 8. The rats were anesthetized on the next day after the behavioral test in week 8, and hippocampal tissues were taken for assay. LC-MS non-targeted metabolomics, target quantification, ELISA and Western blot were used to detect the changes in metabolite content, lactate and pyruvate concentration, the content of key metabolic enzymes in the pyruvate-lactate axis, and the protein expression levels of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). Results4-week HIIT intervention significantly increased the sucrose preference rate, the number of uprights and the number of traversed frames in the absent field experiment in CUMS rats; non-targeted metabolomics assay found that 21 metabolites were significantly changed in group M compared to group C, and 14 and 11 differential metabolites were significantly dialed back in the HC and HM groups, respectively, after the 4-week HIIT intervention; the quantitative results of the targeting showed that, compared to group C, lactate concentration in the hippocampal tissues of M group, compared with group C, lactate concentration in hippocampal tissue was significantly reduced and pyruvate concentration was significantly increased, and 4-week HIIT intervention significantly increased the concentration of lactate and pyruvate in hippocampal tissue of HM group; the trend of changes in blood lactate concentration was consistent with the change in lactate concentration in hippocampal tissue; compared with group C, the LDHB content of group M was significantly increased, the content of PKM2 and PDH, as well as the protein expression level of MCT2 and MCT4 were significantly reduced. The 4-week HIIT intervention upregulated the PKM2 and PDH content as well as the protein expression levels of MCT2 and MCT4 in the HM group. ConclusionThe 4-week HIIT intervention upregulated blood lactate concentration and PKM2 and PDH metabolizing enzymes in hippocampal tissues of CUMS rats, and upregulated the expression of MCT2 and MCT4 transport carrier proteins to promote central lactate uptake and utilization, which regulated metabolic homeostasis of the pyruvate-lactate axis and improved depressive-like behaviors.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effects of 4-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and to explore its potential mechanisms. MethodsA total of 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control (C), model (M), control plus HIIT (HC), and model plus HIIT (HM). Rats in groups M and HM underwent 8 weeks of CUMS to establish depression-like behaviors, while groups HC and HM received HIIT intervention beginning from the 5th week for 4 consecutive weeks. The HIIT protocol consisted of repeated intervals of 3 min at high speed (85%-90% maximal training speed, S_max) alternated with one minute at low speed (50%-55% S_max), with 3 to 5 sets per session, conducted 5 d per week. Behavioral assessments and tail-vein blood lactate levels were measured at the end of the 4th and 8th weeks. After the intervention, rat PFC tissues were collected for Golgi staining to analyze synaptic morphology. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were employed to detect brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), lactate, and glutamate levels in the PFC, as well as serotonin (5-HT) levels in serum. Additionally, Western blot analysis was conducted to quantify the expression of synaptic plasticity-related proteins, including c-Fos, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1). ResultsCompared to the control group (C), the CUMS-exposed rats (group M) exhibited significant reductions in sucrose preference rates, number of grid crossings, frequency of upright postures, and entries into and duration spent in open arms of the elevated plus maze, indicating marked depressive-like behaviors. Additionally, the group M showed significantly reduced dendritic spine density in the PFC, along with elevated levels of c-Fos, Arc, NMDAR1 protein expression, and increased concentrations of lactate and glutamate. Conversely, BDNF and MCT1 contents in the PFC and 5-HT levels in serum were significantly decreased. Following HIIT intervention, rats in the group HM displayed considerable improvement in behavioral indicators compared with the group M, accompanied by significant elevations in PFC MCT1 and lactate concentrations. Furthermore, HIIT notably normalized the expression levels of c-Fos, Arc, NMDAR1, as well as glutamate and BDNF contents in the PFC. Synaptic spine density also exhibited significant recovery. ConclusionFour weeks of HIIT intervention may alleviate depressive-like behaviors in CUMS rats by increasing lactate levels and reducing glutamate concentration in the PFC, thereby downregulating the overexpression of NMDAR, attenuating excitotoxicity, and enhancing synaptic plasticity.

In-depth study of the components of polymyxins is the key to controlling the quality of this class of antibiotics. Similarities and variations of components present significant analytical challenges. A two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometr (LC-MS) method was established for screening and comprehensive profiling of compositions of the antibiotic colistimethate sodium (CMS). A high concentration of phosphate buffer mobile phase was used in the first-dimensional LC system to get the components well separated. For efficient and high-accuracy screening of CMS, a targeted method based on a self-constructed high resolution (HR) mass spectrum database of CMS components was established. The database was built based on the commercial MassHunter Personal Compound Database and Library (PCDL) software and its accuracy of the compound matching result was verified with six known components before being applied to genuine sample screening. On this basis, the unknown peaks in the CMS chromatograms were deduced and assigned. The molecular formula, group composition, and origins of a total of 99 compounds, of which the combined area percentage accounted for more than 95% of CMS components, were deduced by this 2D-LC-MS method combined with the MassHunter PCDL. This profiling method was highly efficient and could distinguish hundreds of components within 3 h, providing reliable results for quality control of this kind of complex drugs.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between mean perfusion pressure (MPP) and the risk of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) and its prognosis, and to determine the optimal cut-off value of MPP for predicting SA-AKI. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinical data of adult patients with sepsis were collected from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-IV 2.2 (MIMIC-IV 2.2) database. The patients were divided into two groups based on the occurrence of SA-AKI. Baseline characteristics, vital signs, comorbidities, laboratory indicators within 24 hours of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and clinical outcome indicators were collected. Mean MPP was calculated using the average values of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and central venous pressure (CVP), MPP = MAP-CVP. Cox regression models were constructed, relevant confounding factors were adjusted, and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the associations between MPP and the risk of SA-AKI as well as ICU death. The predictive value of MPP for SA-AKI was evaluated using receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) analysis, and the optimal cut-off value was determined. RESULTS: A total of 6 009 patients were ultimately enrolled in the analysis. Among them, SA-AKI occurred in 4 755 patients (79.13%), while 1 254 patients (20.87%) did not develop SA-AKI. Compared with the non-SA-AKI group, the MPP in the SA-AKI group was significantly lowered [mmHg (1 mmHg≈0.133 kPa): 62.00 (57.00, 68.00) vs. 65.00 (60.00, 70.00), P < 0.01], and the ICU mortality was significantly increased [11.82% (562/4 755) vs. 1.59% (20/1 254), P < 0.01]. Three Cox regression models were constructed: model 1 was unadjusted; model 2 was adjusted for gender, age, height, weight and race; model 3 was adjusted for gender, age, height, weight, race, heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, hemoglobin, platelet count, white blood cell count, anion gap, HCO₃^-, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, Cl^-, Na⁺, K⁺, fibrinogen, international normalized ratio, blood lactic acid, pH value, arterial partial pressure of oxygen, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, sequential organ failure assessment score, Charlson comorbidity index score, use of vasopressors, mechanical ventilation, and urine output. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that when MPP was treated as a continuous variable, there was a negative correlation between MPP and the risk of SA-AKI in model 1 and model 2 [model 1: odds ratio (OR) = 0.967, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 0.961-0.974, P < 0.001; model 2: OR = 0.981, 95%CI was 0.974-0.988, P < 0.001], and also a negative correlation between MPP and the risk of ICU death (model 1: OR = 0.955, 95%CI was 0.945-0.965, P < 0.001; model 2: OR = 0.956, 95%CI was 0.946-0.966, P < 0.001). However, in model 3, there was no significant correlation between MPP and either SA-AKI risk or ICU death risk. when MPP was used as a multi-categorical variable, in model 1 and model 2, referring to MPP ≤ 58 mmHg, when 59 mmHg ≤ MPP ≤ 68 mmHg, as MPP increased, the risk of SA-AKI progressively decreased (OR value was 0.411-0.638, all P < 0.001), and the risk of ICU death also gradually decreased (OR value was 0.334-0.477, all P < 0.001). ROC curve showed that MPP had a certain predictive value for SA-AKI occurrence [area under the ROC curve (AUC) = 0.598, 95%CI was 0.404-0.746], and the optimal cut-off value was 60.5 mmHg. CONCLUSION MPP was significantly associated with the risk of SA-AKI, with an optimal cut-off value of 60.5 mmHg, and also demonstrated a significant correlation with the risk of ICU death.
Humans ; Acute Kidney Injury/physiopathology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Sepsis/physiopathology* ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Risk Factors ; Intensive Care Units ; Adult ; Logistic Models ; Proportional Hazards Models