Although global brain science research has progressed rapidly in recent decades, several fundamental questions in neuroscience remain unresolved. In particular, the physical mechanism underlying neural signal transmission remains controversial, and the carriers responsible for neural information storage and retrieval have not yet been fully clarified. These unresolved issues motivate us to re-examine the processes of neural information generation, transmission, integration, storage, and retrieval from multiple perspectives. A key observation is that neural electromagnetic activities are closely associated with time. Their duration, temporal structure, and dynamic evolution play crucial roles in neural information processing. In this work, we analyze neural electromagnetic activities from the perspective of temporal scales (referred to here as the “time course”). By reviewing and integrating findings from previous studies, we examine the characteristic time requirements and dynamic features of neural processes occurring at different stages of information processing. These stages include neural signal generation, signal transmission along axons, synaptic integration, synaptic plasticity, and memory formation and retrieval. Based on this temporal analysis, we outline a framework describing neural electromagnetic activities across a wide range of time scales, spanning from microseconds to minutes, hours, or even longer periods associated with long-term memory, which suggests that neural information processing involves multiple physical processes operating at different time levels. Rapid electromagnetic events may occur on microsecond scales, whereas electrophysiological phenomena such as action potentials typically last on the order of milliseconds. Longer time scales are associated with synaptic plasticity and memory-related processes. From this perspective, we propose that the physical carrier of neural information may be transient electromagnetic pulses with durations on the microsecond scale. In this framework, action potentials can be interpreted as the macroscopic electrophysiological manifestation of underlying electromagnetic processes triggered by ionic currents across neuronal membranes. Rather than being the fundamental neural signal itself, the action potential may represent a measurable membrane-level response associated with the successful activation of these electromagnetic events. Moreover, we discuss a possible mechanism for long-term memory storage. Considering the apparent temporal contradiction between the millisecond-scale excitation of neurons and the long-term persistence of memories, we believe that long-term memory information may be stored within neural network topologies formed by electrical synapse coupling. Such structures, referred to as electrically coupled memory networks (ECMNs), may enable neurons within the same network to respond rapidly and synchronously to stimuli, thereby facilitating efficient memory retrieval. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of considering the temporal organization of neural electromagnetic activities when interpreting neural signaling mechanisms. It may provide new insights into the physical nature of neural information carriers and the mechanisms of memory storage and retrieval. Furthermore, highlighting the potential role of electromagnetic interactions in neural activity may contribute to the development of new theoretical frameworks and experimental approaches in neuroscience. Such perspectives may also offer valuable references for future research on neural coding, brain function mechanisms, and neuromodulation technologies.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the predictive value of epicardial adipose tissue （EAT） parameters for microvascular obstruction （MVO） formation in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） using cardiac magnetic resonance quantification. MethodsA total of 139 STEMI patients were included in this study， and various parameters such as EAT thickness， volume， and mass index were measured utilizing cardiac magnetic resonance. All included patients were divided into MVO group and non-MVO group according to whether MVO occurred. Differences in EAT related parameters between two groups were compared and correlation analysis was applied to evaluate the correlation between quantitative indicators of EAT and indicators such as infarct size and ejection fraction. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the relevant risk factors for MVO formation. Receiver Operating Characteristic （ROC） curve analysis was performed to assess the predictive value of the epicardial adipose tissue （EAT） quality index and other indicators for the occurrence of MVO. ResultsCompared with non MVO group， patients in MVO group presented with higher peak troponin T levels， increase of neutrophil lymphocyte ratio （NLR） and C-reactive protein （CRP）， larger infarct size and compromised left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） （P<0.05）. Total EAT volume， EAT mass index， left atrioventricular EAT volume， left atrioventricular EAT mass index and thickness of EAT in the left atrioventricular groove were significantly higher in patients with MVO. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that NLR， peak troponin T levels and left atrioventricular EAT mass index were independent predictors of MVO. The ROC curve suggested that the left atrioventricular EAT mass index had the highest predictive power for MVO formation in STEMI patients. ConclusionThe parameters of EAT quantified by cardiac magnetic resonance serve as imaging biomarkers for predicting MVO formation in STEMI patients. These metrics enable risk stratification post-myocardial infarction and facilitate early identification of high-risk individuals， thereby supporting personalized therapeutic decision-making.

[摘 要] 目的：探讨干扰素刺激基因家族成员黏病毒抵抗蛋白2（MX2）在调控肿瘤细胞对呼肠孤病毒（Reo）溶瘤敏感性中的作用及其机制。方法：选取4株具有不同耐药特征的人源肿瘤细胞，通过CCK-8法评估其对Reo的溶瘤敏感性；通过转录组测序筛选出差异表达基因MX2，qPCR法及WB法验证MX2在4株人源肿瘤细胞中的表达；使用siRNA敲低溶瘤低敏感的COC1/DDP细胞中的MX2基因。在细胞感染Reo病毒后，通过CCK-8法检测细胞存活率；qPCR法检测细胞中Reo病毒S1基因表达；免疫荧光法检测细胞内Reo病毒蛋白的积累；半数组织培养感染剂量（TCID50）法测定病毒滴度；流式细胞术分别检测细胞内Reo病毒dsRNA、活性氧（ROS）水平以及细胞凋亡率；透射电镜观察细胞内质网形态变化并采用WB法检测内质网应激相关蛋白（JNK、p-JNK、eIF2α、p-eIF2α、CHOP、PERK）的表达。结果：在4株肿瘤细胞中，SKOV3细胞对Reo溶瘤作用高度敏感，而COC1/DDP、HuH-7SRB及SNU-398细胞均为溶瘤低敏感性。转录组测序结果显示，MX2在溶瘤低敏感肿瘤细胞中的表达水平显著高于溶瘤高敏感细胞（P < 0.01）；在溶瘤低敏感性的COC1/DDP细胞中，敲低MX2显著促进Reo病毒复制、诱导细胞凋亡增加，并升高细胞内活性氧水平（均P < 0.001）。透射电镜观察显示，敲低MX2的COC1/DDP细胞感染Reo病毒后出现内质网肿胀、扩张及断裂等典型内质网应激超微结构改变。WB结果显示，内质网应激关键标志物eIF2α/p-eIF2α、PERK、CHOP及凋亡相关调节蛋白JNK/p-JNK的表达均显著上调（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）。结论：肿瘤细胞对Reo的溶瘤敏感性与其细胞内MX2表达水平密切相关。敲低MX2可显著增强Reo在细胞内的复制，进而促进ROS积累，触发内质网应激并促进凋亡。病毒复制增加与细胞凋亡激活的双重作用，最终协同增强Reo的溶瘤作用。

ObjectiveTo systematically assess the public health governance capacity in Zhejiang Province, to conduct an in-depth analysis of its strengths and weaknesses, so as to provide scientific basis and strategic recommendations for further enhancement. MethodsA systematic collection of policy documents, public information reports, and research literature related to public health governance capacity in Zhejiang Province from 2002 to 2023 was conducted (encompassing a total of 1 263 policy documents, 138 pieces of information reports and 631 research articles). Based on the evaluation criteria suitable for public health systems previously developed by the research team, the basic status and magnitude of change in public health governance capacity in Zhejiang Province was evaluated. Additionally, normative gap analyses were employed to identify the strengths and weaknesses. ResultsZhejiang Province ranked 4th nationwide in terms of public health governance capacity with a score of 733.4 points (1 000.0-point maximum). The province has effectively implemented the principle of health first (scoring 698.5 points in the assessment of health-first strategy implementation) and attached sufficient importance to health-related goals (scoring 658.2 points in the scientific rationality of goal setting). However, the implementation of inter-departmental coordination and incentive mechanisms only scored 178.7 points, the feasibility of management and monitoring mechanisms scored even lower at only 144.0 points, and the coverage of incentive mechanisms scored 286.0 points. ConclusionZhejiang Province has effectively implemented its health first strategy and attached great importance to health targets, but still needs to strengthen cross-departmental coordination mechanisms and health-oriented incentives.

This paper summarizes the theoretical basis of aromatherapy in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） for treating depression， from the perspectives of aromatic properties in relieving constraint and dispersing stagnation， awakening the spleen and promoting its transportation function， harmonizing the five zang （脏） organs， and regulating emotions to nurture mental well-being. The potential clinical applications of TCM aromatherapy are also discussed. In the future， it is necessary to strengthen high-quality clinical evidence about aromatherapy， deepen mechanism studies with an emphasis on the "nose-brain" pathway， explore aromatherapy-based integrative mind-body intervention strategies， assess and control potential safety risks， as well as promote the translation of clinical findings and the development of novel dosage forms. These efforts will help standardize and advance the clinical application of TCM aromatherapy in the management of depression.

This paper summarizes the theoretical basis of aromatherapy in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） for treating depression， from the perspectives of aromatic properties in relieving constraint and dispersing stagnation， awakening the spleen and promoting its transportation function， harmonizing the five zang （脏） organs， and regulating emotions to nurture mental well-being. The potential clinical applications of TCM aromatherapy are also discussed. In the future， it is necessary to strengthen high-quality clinical evidence about aromatherapy， deepen mechanism studies with an emphasis on the "nose-brain" pathway， explore aromatherapy-based integrative mind-body intervention strategies， assess and control potential safety risks， as well as promote the translation of clinical findings and the development of novel dosage forms. These efforts will help standardize and advance the clinical application of TCM aromatherapy in the management of depression.

Digestive system tumors are the leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality globally， and their occurrence and development generally follow the key pathological process of inflammation-cancer transformation. Therefore， intervening in the precancerous lesion stage is an important strategy to block malignant transformation of the disease and reduce the incidence rate of tumors. Banxia Xiexin Tang-related prescriptions （including Banxia Xiexin Tang， Shengjiang Xiexin Tang， and Gancao Xiexin Tang） originated from the Shanghan Zabinglun They follow the principle of pungent dispersing and bitter descending， combination of cold and warm medicinals， and tonifying deficiency and purging excess， which aligns with the core pathogenesis of digestive system precancerous lesions characterized by cold-heat intermingling and disorder of ascending and descending. These prescriptions are widely used in the clinical treatment of various digestive system inflammatory disorders such as atrophic gastritis， ulcerative colitis， and reflux esophagitis. This review systematically summarizes the theoretical basis， clinical evidence， and therapeutic mechanisms of such prescriptions in preventing and treating the inflammation-cancer transformation process in the digestive system. Clinical studies have shown that whether used alone or in combination with modern therapies， Banxia Xiexin Tang can effectively alleviate symptoms， repair histopathological changes， and improve patients' quality of life. Basic research further reveals that their efficacy stems from multi-target systemic regulatory effects： ameliorating the chronic inflammatory microenvironment， antagonizing oxidative stress， reshaping the gut microbiota， restoring the immune balance， regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis， etc. On the basis of the convergence of traditional Chinese and Western medicine understanding of inflammation-cancer transformation， this article constructs a research framework centered on regulating the inflammatory microenvironment homeostasis to systematically elucidate the mechanism of treating different diseases with the same method （Banxia Xiexin Tang）. In view of the limitations of current research in terms of evidence level， disease-syndrome combination models， and overall mechanism analysis of compound prescriptions， this article proposes future research directions of integrating high-quality clinical research， systems biology， and cutting-edge technologies， providing a new theoretical basis and translational ideas for the precise prevention and control of digestive system tumors with traditional Chinese medicine.

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical effect of anterior seat inclination on sit-to-stand (STS) ability and balance function in patients with stroke, as well as brain functional connectivity based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). MethodsFrom January, 2024 to December, 2025, 43 patients with stroke were randomly divided into control group (n = 21) and experimental group (n = 22). The control group received conventional rehabilitation combined with STS training on a flat seat, while the experimental group received conventional rehabilitation plus STS training with a 20° anterior seat inclination, for two weeks. Five-times sit-to-stand test (FTSST) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were assessed before and after training. fNIRS was used to detect changes in cerebral blood oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), primary motor cortex (M1), primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and premotor cortex (PMC), and to analyze functional connectivity strength. ResultsAfter training, FTSST time shortened in both groups (t > 3.469, P < 0.01), and was shorter in the experimental group than in the control group (t = -2.065, P < 0.05); BBS scores increased in both groups (|Z| > 4.019, P < 0.01), and was higher in the experimental group than in the control group (Z = -2.250, P < 0.05). fNIRS showed that after training, the functional connectivity strength between the left M1 and the right PFC increased, as well as between the left M1 and the right S1 in the experimental group (t > 3.311, P < 0.05). ConclusionSTS training with anterior seat inclination can enhance functional connectivity in relevant brain regions, which may contribute to improvements of STS ability and balance function in patients with stroke.

ObjectiveBased on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS）， the chemical constituents of Qili Qiangxin capsules was identified， and their distribution in vivo was analyzed. MethodsUPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS was used to detect the sample solution of Qili Qiangxin capsules， as well as the serum， brain， heart， lung， spleen， liver and kidney tissues of mice after oral administration. Using the Thermo Xcalibur 2.2 software， the compound information database was constructed， and the molecular formulas of compounds corresponding to the quasi-molecular ions were fitted. Based on the information of retention time， accurate relative molecular mass and fragments， the compounds and their distribution in vivo were analyzed by comparing with the data of reference substances and literature. ResultsA total of 233 compounds， including 70 terpenoids， 60 flavonoids， 23 organic acids， 17 alkaloids， 20 steroids， 7 coumarins and 36 others， were identified or predicted from Qili Qiangxin capsules， 73 of which were identified matching with standard substances. Tissue distribution results showed that 71， 17， 38， 33， 32， 58 and 43 migrating components were detected in blood， brain， heart， lung， spleen， liver and kidney， respectively. Thirty-seven components were absorbed into the blood and heart， including quinic acid， benzoylaconitine benzoylmesaconine and so on. Fourteen components were absorbed into the blood and six tissues， including calycosin， methylnissolin， formononetin， alisol B， alisol A and so on. ConclusionThis study comprehensively analyzes the chemical components of Qili Qiangxin capsules and their distribution in vivo. Among them， astragaloside Ⅳ， salvianolic acid B， ginsenoside Rb₁， ginsenoside Rb₃， ginsenoside Rd， ginsenoside Rg₃， calycosin-7-glucoside， and sinapine may be the important components for the treatment of heart failure， which can provide useful reference for its quality control and research on pharmacodynamic material basis.

Objective To examine the changing prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Burkholderia cepacia in 52 hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021.Methods A total of 9 261 strains of B.cepacia were collected from 52 hospitals between January 1,2015 and December 31,2021.Antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains was tested using Kirby-Bauer method or automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems according to a unified protocol.The results were interpreted according to the breakpoints released in the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)guidelines(2023 edition).Results A total of 9 261 strains of B.cepacia were isolated from all age groups,especially elderly patients.The proportion was 11.1％(1 032 strains)in children,significantly lower than the proportion in adults.About half(46.5％,4 310/9 261)of the strains were isolated from patients at least 60 years old and 42.3％(3 919/9 261)of the strains were isolated from young adults.Most isolates(71.1％)were isolated from sputum and respiratory secretions,followed by urine(10.7％)and blood samples(8.1％).B.cepacia isolates were highly susceptible to the five antimicrobial agents recommended in the CLSI M100 document(33rd edition,2023).B.cepacia isolates showed relatively higher resistance rates to meropenem and levofloxacin.However,the resistance rates to ceftazidime,trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole,and minocycline remained below 8.1％.The percentage of B.cepacia strains resistant to levofloxacin was the highest compared to other antibiotics in any of the three age groups(from 12.4％in the patients＜18 years old to 20.6％in the patients aged 60 years or older).Conclusions B.cepacia is one of the clinically important non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria.Accurate and timely reporting of antimicrobial susceptibility test results and ongoing antimicrobial resistance surveillance are helpful for rational prescription of antimicrobial agents and proper prevention and control of nosocomial infections.