ObjectiveTo explore the effect of modified Ditan Decoction （涤痰汤） on chronic intermittent hypoxia cognitive function and the potential function mechanism. MethodsTwenty-four Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into a normal group， a model group， and a modified Ditan Decoction group， with eight rats in each group. Rats in the modified Ditan Decoction group were administered the decoction by gavage at 14.8 ml/（kg·d）， while the normal group and the model group received the same dose of normal saline. Thirty minutes after daily gavage， the rats in all three groups were placed in an intermittent hypoxia chamber. The oxygen concentration for the model group and the modified Ditan Decoction group was adjusted daily for 8 hours using a computer program to establish the model， while the normal group was exposed to the same airflow rate of ambient air. The intervention was continued for 12 weeks to establish a chronic intermittent hypoxia rat model. The Y-maze test was used to evaluate spatial working memory in the rats. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging （rs-fMRI） was performed to detect whole-brain regional homogeneity （ReHo） and seed-based functional connectivity （FC）. Brain regions showing significant differences in rs-fMRI were selected for further analysis. Immunofluorescence was used to detect β-amyloid （Aβ） deposition and the number of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 （IBA1）-positive microglial cells. Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess the expression of synaptophysin （SYP）， the excitatory synapse marker vesicular glutamate transporter 1 （Vglut1）， and the inhibitory synapse marker vesicular γ-aminobutyric acid transporter （VGAT）. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group showed a reduced spontaneous alternation rate in the Y-maze test. The smoothed Z-score standardized regional homogeneity （SzReHo） value in the left entorhinal cortex significantly increased， and the FC value from this seed point to the left basal forebrain significantly reduced. Additionally， the model group exhibited significantly higher Aβ fluorescence intensity and Iba1 positivity in the left entorhinal cortex， decreased expression of SYP， Vglut1， and VGAT， along with an increased Vglut1/VGAT ratio （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared to the model group， the modified Ditan Decoction group demonstrated an increased spontaneous alternation rate， a significantly reduced SzReHo value in the left entorhinal cortex， and a significantly increased FC value from this region to the left basal forebrain. Furthermore， this group showed significantly lower Aβ fluorescence intensity and Iba1 positivity in the left entorhinal cortex， increased levels of SYP， Vglut1， and VGAT， and a decreased Vglut1/VGAT ratio （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. ConclusionModified Ditan Decoction can reconstruct the projection from the left basal forebrain to the entorhinal cortex in chronic intermittent hypoxia， thereby reducing Aβ aggregation and excessive microglial activation in the left entorhinal cortex. This process improves the excitation/inhibition imbalance caused by synaptic remodeling， ultimately enhancing cognitive function in rats of chronic intermittent hypoxia.

ObjectiveChinese patent medicines for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are diverse and complex in their efficacy. The traditional classification method based on efficacy categories has certain limitations and cannot meet the clinical needs for individualized drug selection and variety comparison. This article， based on the formulation compatibility analysis technology of "Tangye Jingfa Tu"， clarifies the composition and efficacy characteristics of common Chinese patent medicines used for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， providing support for the precise selection of these medicines. MethodsFifty-six representative Chinese patent medicines， covering all the efficacy subcategories of "stasis-resolving agents" in the National Basic Medical Insurance， Work Injury Insurance， and Maternity Insurance Drug Catalogue （2023） （more than 50% of the total）， were selected for the study. Within the knowledge system of "Tangye Jingfa Tu"， the compatibility structure of herbal flavors and the proportion structure of herbal quantities for each Chinese patent medicine were determined. The correlation between these structures and the efficacy categories was analyzed to identify the similarities and differences among the selected Chinese patent medicines. Additionally， the efficacy was reclassified and compared according to the theoretical framework of tonifying and purging methods of five Zang organs in the "Tangye Jingfa Tu". ResultsThe representative Chinese patent medicines included in the analysis were Shexiang Baoxin pills， Danshen tablets， Qili Qiangxin capsules， Breviscapine tablets， etc.， covering all the efficacy subcategories of "stasis-resolving agents". Among the 56 representative Chinese patent medicines， salty flavor was the most common （48）， followed by pungent （33）， and sweet （26）. According to the dominant herbal flavor， salty flavor was the most common （37）， followed by pungent （9）， and sour （5）. According to the dominant herbal quantity， salty flavor was the most common （27）， followed by sour （7）， and pungent （5）. Furthermore， Chinese patent medicines with different efficacy subtypes showed different flavor characteristics. For example， most Qi-invigorating and blood-activating agents contained sweet drugs for tonifying the spleen （9/10）， most Qi-moving and blood-activating agents contained pungent drugs for tonifying the liver （7/8）， and all kidney-invigorating and blood-activating agents contained bitter drugs for tonifying the kidneys （6/6）. However， the efficacy classification of individual medicines did not always align with the compatibility characteristics of their formulas， as seen with Dengyin Naotong capsules. ConclusionThe formulations of Chinese patent medicines for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases predominantly feature salty， sour， and pungent flavors， which largely conform to the therapeutic principles of "nourishing the heart with salt and soothing the heart with sour" and the liver-heart， heart-spleen mother-child treatment relationship shown in the "Tangye Jingfa Tu". Using the "Tangye Jingfa Tu" framework to conduct research on the structure and efficacy characteristics of Chinese patent medicines is objective and effective.

ObjectiveChinese patent medicines for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are diverse and complex in their efficacy. The traditional classification method based on efficacy categories has certain limitations and cannot meet the clinical needs for individualized drug selection and variety comparison. This article， based on the formulation compatibility analysis technology of "Tangye Jingfa Tu"， clarifies the composition and efficacy characteristics of common Chinese patent medicines used for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， providing support for the precise selection of these medicines. MethodsFifty-six representative Chinese patent medicines， covering all the efficacy subcategories of "stasis-resolving agents" in the National Basic Medical Insurance， Work Injury Insurance， and Maternity Insurance Drug Catalogue （2023） （more than 50% of the total）， were selected for the study. Within the knowledge system of "Tangye Jingfa Tu"， the compatibility structure of herbal flavors and the proportion structure of herbal quantities for each Chinese patent medicine were determined. The correlation between these structures and the efficacy categories was analyzed to identify the similarities and differences among the selected Chinese patent medicines. Additionally， the efficacy was reclassified and compared according to the theoretical framework of tonifying and purging methods of five Zang organs in the "Tangye Jingfa Tu". ResultsThe representative Chinese patent medicines included in the analysis were Shexiang Baoxin pills， Danshen tablets， Qili Qiangxin capsules， Breviscapine tablets， etc.， covering all the efficacy subcategories of "stasis-resolving agents". Among the 56 representative Chinese patent medicines， salty flavor was the most common （48）， followed by pungent （33）， and sweet （26）. According to the dominant herbal flavor， salty flavor was the most common （37）， followed by pungent （9）， and sour （5）. According to the dominant herbal quantity， salty flavor was the most common （27）， followed by sour （7）， and pungent （5）. Furthermore， Chinese patent medicines with different efficacy subtypes showed different flavor characteristics. For example， most Qi-invigorating and blood-activating agents contained sweet drugs for tonifying the spleen （9/10）， most Qi-moving and blood-activating agents contained pungent drugs for tonifying the liver （7/8）， and all kidney-invigorating and blood-activating agents contained bitter drugs for tonifying the kidneys （6/6）. However， the efficacy classification of individual medicines did not always align with the compatibility characteristics of their formulas， as seen with Dengyin Naotong capsules. ConclusionThe formulations of Chinese patent medicines for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases predominantly feature salty， sour， and pungent flavors， which largely conform to the therapeutic principles of "nourishing the heart with salt and soothing the heart with sour" and the liver-heart， heart-spleen mother-child treatment relationship shown in the "Tangye Jingfa Tu". Using the "Tangye Jingfa Tu" framework to conduct research on the structure and efficacy characteristics of Chinese patent medicines is objective and effective.

Quantum dots (QDs), nanoscale semiconductor crystals, have emerged as a revolutionary class of nanomaterials with unique optical and electrochemical properties, making them highly promising for applications in disease diagnosis and treatment. Their tunable emission spectra, long-term photostability, high quantum yield, and excellent charge carrier mobility enable precise control over light emission and efficient charge utilization, which are critical for biomedical applications. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the use of quantum dots for disease diagnosis and therapy, highlighting their potential and the challenges involved in clinical translation. Quantum dots can be classified based on their elemental composition and structural configuration. For instance, IB-IIIA-VIA group quantum dots and core-shell structured quantum dots are among the most widely studied types. These classifications are essential for understanding their diverse functionalities and applications. In disease diagnosis, quantum dots have demonstrated remarkable potential due to their high brightness, photostability, and ability to provide precise biomarker detection. They are extensively used in bioimaging technologies, enabling high-resolution imaging of cells, tissues, and even individual biomolecules. As fluorescent markers, quantum dots facilitate cell tracking, biosensing, and the detection of diseases such as cancer, bacterial and viral infections, and immune-related disorders. Their ability to provide real-time, in vivo tracking of cellular processes has opened new avenues for early and accurate disease detection. In the realm of disease treatment, quantum dots serve as versatile nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery. Their nanoscale size and surface modifiability allow them to transport therapeutic agents to specific sites, improving drug bioavailability and reducing off-target effects. Additionally, quantum dots have shown promise as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT). When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, quantum dots interact with oxygen molecules to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can selectively destroy malignant cells, vascular lesions, and microbial infections. This targeted approach minimizes damage to healthy tissues, making PDT a promising strategy for treating complex diseases. Despite these advancements, the translation of quantum dots from research to clinical application faces significant challenges. Issues such as toxicity, stability, and scalability in industrial production remain major obstacles. The potential toxicity of quantum dots, particularly to vital organs, has raised concerns about their long-term safety. Researchers are actively exploring strategies to mitigate these risks, including surface modification, coating, and encapsulation techniques, which can enhance biocompatibility and reduce toxicity. Furthermore, improving the stability of quantum dots under physiological conditions is crucial for their effective use in biomedical applications. Advances in surface engineering and the development of novel encapsulation methods have shown promise in addressing these stability concerns. Industrial production of quantum dots also presents challenges, particularly in achieving consistent quality and scalability. Recent innovations in synthesis techniques and manufacturing processes are paving the way for large-scale production, which is essential for their widespread adoption in clinical settings. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the latest research progress in quantum dot applications, including drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, photodynamic therapy, and pathogen detection. It also discusses the multiple barriers hindering their clinical use and explores potential solutions to overcome these challenges. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the future directions of quantum dot research, emphasizing the need for further studies on toxicity mitigation, stability enhancement, and scalable production. By addressing these critical issues, quantum dots can realize their full potential as transformative tools in disease diagnosis and treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes and advancing biomedical science.

Humans ; Nasal Polyps/epidemiology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Rhinosinusitis ; Asthma/epidemiology* ; Sinusitis/epidemiology* ; Chronic Disease

Objective To compare the effects of 20 mg qd and 10 mg bidadministration of iprrazole enteric-coated tablets on the control of gastric acid in healthy subjects.Methods A randomized,single-center,parallel controlled trial was designed to include 8 healthy subjects.Randomly divided into 2 groups,20 mg qd administration group:20 mg enteric-coated tablets of iprrazole in the morning;10 mg bid administration group:10 mg enteric-coated tablets of iprrazole in the morning and 10 mg in the evening.The pH values in the stomach of the subjects before and 24 h after administration were monitored by pH meter.The plasma concentration of iprazole after administration was determined by HPLC-MS/MS.The main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by Phoenix WinNonlin(V8.0)software.Results The PK parameters of iprrazole enteric-coated tablets and reference preparations in fasting group were as follows:The Cmax of 20 mg qd group and 10 mg bid group were(595.75±131.15)and(283.50±96.98)ng·mL-1;AUC0-t were(5 531.94±784.35)and(4 686.67±898.23)h·ng·mL-1;AUC0-∞ were(6 003.19±538.59)and(7 361.48±1 816.77)h·ng·mL-1,respectively.The mean time percentage of gastric pH＞3 after 20 mg qd and 10 mg bid were 82.64％and 61.92％,and the median gastric pH within 24 h were 6.25±1.49 and 3.53±2.05,respectively.The mean gastric pH values within 24 h were 5.71±1.36 and 4.23±1.45,respectively.The correlation analysis of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics showed that there was no significant correlation between the peak concentration of drug in plasma and the inhibitory effect of acid.Conclusion Compared with the 20 mg qd group and the 10 mg bid group,the acid inhibition effect is better,the administration times are less,and the safety of the two administration regimes is good.

Objective To observe the effect of Bushen Huoxue formula on interleukin-17(IL-17)in rats with recurrent spontaneous abortion(RSA).Methods RS A model rats were constructed by intraperitoneal injection of estradiol benzoate.Forty RSA model rats were randomly divided into model group,control group and experimental-L,-H groups,with 10 rats per group.Another 10 healthy pregnant rats were set as blank group.The experimental-L,-H groups were given 7.77 and 15.54 g·kg-1 of Bushen Huoxue formula solution by gavage.The control group was given 2.10 mg·kg-1of dydrogesterone solution by gavage.The blank group and the model group were given equal amount of 0.9％NaCl by gavage.The dose of administration for the five groups was 10 mL·kg-1,once a day,for 9 days.The number of live fetuses,embryo loss,and embryo loss rate in each group were observed.The proportion of Th 17 cells in the peripheral blood was detected by flow cytometry.The expression levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),IL-17 and IL-23 proteins in the decidual tissues were detected by Western blotting.Results The number of live fetuses in the experimental-H,control,model and blank groups were 11.50±2.84,11.50±3.10,6.30±1.25 and 12.50±3.24;the number of embryos lost were 1.80±0.42,1.90±0.57,4.90±1.37 and 0;the rates of embryo loss were(14.01±4.52)％,(14.79±6.06)％,(43.50±9.49)％and 0;the proportions of Th17 cells in the peripheral blood were(3.12±0.47)％,(3.10±0.59)％,(5.31±1.16)％and(2.54±0.71)％;the relative expression levels of IL-6 protein were 0.19±0.04,0.18±0.05,0.85±0.16 and 0.11±0.03;the relative expression levels of IL-17 protein were 0.28±0.04,0.29±0.05,0.84±0.12 and 0.09±0.01;the relative expression levels of IL-23 protein were 0.35±0.04,0.34±0.06,0.90±0.11 and 0.08±0.01,respectively.Comparing experimental-H group and model group,comparing control group and blank group,the above indexes were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Bushen Huoxue formula can reduce embryo loss,improve placental tissue pathology,reduce Th 17 cell proportion and its related cytokines IL-6,IL-17,IL-23 expression in rats with RSA.

Objective:To explore the impact of health self-focused attention on knowledge, attitude and practice of health management in patients with essential hypertension.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 190 patients with essential hypertension were randomly selected from Shanghai Dapuqiao Community Health Service Center to participate in a questionnaire survey from October to December, 2021. The contents of the questionnaire included the general information of the patients, the degree of influence of hypertension on individuals, and the patients′ knowledge and personal cognition of hypertension, self-management behaviors, health self-focused attention, and blood pressure control. SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 24.0 were used to develop a structural equation model for analysis.Results:The recovery rate of questionnaires was 100.0% (190/190). Of the 190 patients, there were 82 males and 108 females with a mean age of (71.2±8.5) years. According to blood pressure, 190 hypertensive patients were divided into blood pressure controlled group ( n=119) and blood pressure non-controlled group ( n=71). There were significant differences in the total scores of hypertension self-management behavior and health self-focused attention between the two groups ( P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the degree of influence of hypertension on individuals was negatively correlated with the disease knowledge and personal cognition, and the performance of hypertension self-management behavior ( r=-0.39 and -0.28, P<0.01), while the disease knowledge and personal cognition were positively correlated with the performance of hypertension self-management behavior and health self-focused attention ( r=0.29 and 0.27, P<0.01). Hypertension self-management behavior was positively correlated with health self-focused attention and blood pressure control ( r=0.28 and 0.48, P<0.01), and health self-focused attention was positively correlated with blood pressure control ( r=0.21, P<0.01). The equation model analysis showed that health self-focused attention had a driving effect on patients′ disease knowledge and cognition and self-management behavior. Health self-focused attention significantly affected patients′ mastery of disease knowledge and formation of correct cognition (path coefficient=0.28). In addition, hypertension patients′ disease knowledge storage and internal recognition of prevention and treatment strategies determined their self-management behavior (path coefficient=0.20). On the other hand, the impact of hypertension on patients life, work and economic burden played a negative role in their acceptance of disease management knowledge, formation of correct concepts, and adoption of self-management behaviors with adjustment coefficients of -0.48 and -0.22, respectively. Conclusion:Health self-focused attention may play an initial role in the process of changing the knowledge, attitude and behavior of hypertension patients.

Objective:To compare demographic characteristics,clinical characteristics,therapeutic characteris-tics and physiological indicators of patients with bipolar Ⅰ disorder and bipolar Ⅱ disorder.Methods:A total of 381 patients with bipolar disorder(BD)diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 th Edi-tion(DSM-5)were selected,including 302 patients with BD-Ⅰ(79.27％),74 patients with BD-Ⅱ(19.42％)and 5 patients with other specific and related disorders(1.31％).Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected with self-designed clinical information questionnaire.Multivariate logistic regression and multivariate linear regres-sion analysis were used for analysis.Results:Compared with patients with BD-Ⅱ,patients with BD-Ⅰ had more risk to have psychotic features(OR=5.75,95％CI:2.82-11.76),longer disease duration,and more repeated transcra-nial magnetic therapy(OR=3.09,95％CI:1.02-9.35),higher uric acid,total cholesterol and high-density lipo-protein.BD-Ⅰ in Han nationality was more common(OR=11.50,95％CI:1.76-75.30),and had lower education level(OR=10.22,95％CI:1.16-89.77),and less family history of psychosis(OR=2.34,95％CI:1.01-5.42).Conclusion:There are significant differences between BD-Ⅰ and BD-Ⅱ in demographic and clinical charac-teristics,treatment status,and physiological indicators,which could provide clues for exploring the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) at sensitized acupoints could reduce sympathetic-sensory coupling (SSC) and neurogenic inflammatory response by interfering with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)ergic neural pathways to relieve colitis and somatic referred pain, and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Rats were treated with 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution for 7 days to establish a colitis model. Twelve rats were randomly divided into the control and model groups according to a random number table (n=6). According to the "Research on Rat Acupoint Atlas", sensitized acupoints and non-sensitized acupoints were determined. Rats were randomly divided into the control, model, Zusanli-EA (ST 36), Dachangshu-EA (BL 25), and Xinshu (BL 15) groups (n=6), as well as the control, model, EA, and EA + GR113808 (a 5-HT inhibitor) groups (n=6). The rats in the control group received no treatment. Acupuncture was administered on 2 days after modeling using the stimulation pavameters: 1 mA, 2 Hz, for 30 min, with sparse and dense waves, for 14 consecutive days. GR113808 was injected into the tail vein at 5 mg/kg before EA for 10 min for 7 consecutive days. Mechanical sensitivity was assessed with von Frey filaments. Body weight and disease activity index (DAI) scores of rats were determined. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to observe colon histopathology. SSC was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect 5-HT and substance P (SP) expressions. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in skin tissue and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein levels in DRG were detected by Western blot. The levels of hyaluronic acid (HA), bradykinin (BK), prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) in skin tissue, 5-HT, tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), serotonin transporters (SERT), 5-HT 3 receptor (5-HT3R), and 5-HT 4 receptor (5-HT4R) in colon tissue were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: BL 25 and ST 36 acupoints were determined as sensitized acupoints, and BL 15 acupoint was used as a non-sensitized acupoint. EA at sensitized acupoints improved the DAI score, increased mechanical withdrawal thresholds, and alleviated colonic pathological damage of rats. EA at sensitized acupoints reduced SSC structures and decreased TH and CGRP expression levels (P<0.05). Furthermore, EA at sensitized acupoints reduced BK, PGI2, 5-HT, 5-HT3R and TPH1 levels, and increased HA, 5-HT4R and SERT levels in colitis rats (P<0.05). GR113808 treatment diminished the protective effect of EA at sensitized acupoints in colitis rats (P<0.05). CONCLUSION EA at sensitized acupoints alleviated DSS-induced somatic referred pain in colitis rats by interfering with 5-HTergic neural pathway, and reducing SSC inflammatory response.
Rats ; Animals ; Electroacupuncture ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serotonin ; Acupuncture Points ; Pain, Referred ; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide ; Signal Transduction ; Colitis/therapy* ; Indoles ; Sulfonamides