Purpose: This study aimed to compare the anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QOL) among caregivers of children with cerebral palsy and those caring for typically developing children. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted using convenience sampling to recruit 60 subjects. Anxiety, depression, and QOL were assessed with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF Scale, respectively. Results: The mean age of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy was 33.63±6.94 years, compared to 32±5.003 years for caregivers of typically developing children. Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy exhibited significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression, as well as poorer QOL, than those caring for typically developing children (P<0.05). Conclusion Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy experience higher levels of anxiety and depression and a poorer QOL compared to caregivers of typically developing children.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QOL) among caregivers of children with cerebral palsy and those caring for typically developing children. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted using convenience sampling to recruit 60 subjects. Anxiety, depression, and QOL were assessed with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF Scale, respectively. Results: The mean age of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy was 33.63±6.94 years, compared to 32±5.003 years for caregivers of typically developing children. Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy exhibited significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression, as well as poorer QOL, than those caring for typically developing children (P<0.05). Conclusion Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy experience higher levels of anxiety and depression and a poorer QOL compared to caregivers of typically developing children.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QOL) among caregivers of children with cerebral palsy and those caring for typically developing children. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted using convenience sampling to recruit 60 subjects. Anxiety, depression, and QOL were assessed with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF Scale, respectively. Results: The mean age of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy was 33.63±6.94 years, compared to 32±5.003 years for caregivers of typically developing children. Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy exhibited significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression, as well as poorer QOL, than those caring for typically developing children (P<0.05). Conclusion Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy experience higher levels of anxiety and depression and a poorer QOL compared to caregivers of typically developing children.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QOL) among caregivers of children with cerebral palsy and those caring for typically developing children. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted using convenience sampling to recruit 60 subjects. Anxiety, depression, and QOL were assessed with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF Scale, respectively. Results: The mean age of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy was 33.63±6.94 years, compared to 32±5.003 years for caregivers of typically developing children. Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy exhibited significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression, as well as poorer QOL, than those caring for typically developing children (P<0.05). Conclusion Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy experience higher levels of anxiety and depression and a poorer QOL compared to caregivers of typically developing children.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QOL) among caregivers of children with cerebral palsy and those caring for typically developing children. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted using convenience sampling to recruit 60 subjects. Anxiety, depression, and QOL were assessed with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF Scale, respectively. Results: The mean age of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy was 33.63±6.94 years, compared to 32±5.003 years for caregivers of typically developing children. Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy exhibited significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression, as well as poorer QOL, than those caring for typically developing children (P<0.05). Conclusion Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy experience higher levels of anxiety and depression and a poorer QOL compared to caregivers of typically developing children.

Background/Aims: Shifts in the gut microbiota and metabolites are interrelated with liver cirrhosis progression and complications. However, causal relationships have not been evaluated comprehensively. Here, we identified complication-dependent gut microbiota and metabolic signatures in patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods: Microbiome taxonomic profiling was performed on 194 stool samples (52 controls and 142 cirrhosis patients) via V3-V4 16S rRNA sequencing. Next, 51 samples (17 controls and 34 cirrhosis patients) were selected for fecal metabolite profiling via gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography coupled to timeof-flight mass spectrometry. Correlation analyses were performed targeting the gut-microbiota, metabolites, clinical parameters, and presence of complications (varices, ascites, peritonitis, encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatocellular carcinoma, and deceased). Results: Veillonella bacteria, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are cirrhosis-related microbiotas compared with control group. Bacteroides ovatus, Clostridium symbiosum, Emergencia timonensis, Fusobacterium varium, and Hungatella_uc were associated with complications in the cirrhosis group. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCs) for the diagnosis of cirrhosis, encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, and deceased were 0.863, 0.733, 0.71, and 0.69, respectively. The AUROCs of mixed microbial species for the diagnosis of cirrhosis and complication were 0.808 and 0.847, respectively. According to the metabolic profile, 5 increased fecal metabolites in patients with cirrhosis were biomarkers (AUROC >0.880) for the diagnosis of cirrhosis and complications. Clinical markers were significantly correlated with the gut microbiota and metabolites. Conclusions Cirrhosis-dependent gut microbiota and metabolites present unique signatures that can be used as noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of cirrhosis and its complications.

Background: Administering anesthesia in dentistry can be distressing for patients, especially those with dental fear and anxiety. Needle pain during local anesthesia is a common concern in intraoral procedures. This study aimed to compare pain perception in 4–6-year-old children following intraoral dental injections with 26- and 31-gauge needles. Methods: Fifty healthy children were divided according to age into Group I (N = 25; 4–5 years) and Group II (N = 25; 5–6 years). Each group was further subdivided according to the needle gauge as follows: Group IA (26 gauge), Group IB (31 gauge), Group IIA (26 gauge), and Group IIB (31 gauge). Using a lottery method, the gauge of the needle to be used at the first visit for local anesthesia administration was selected. Children’s reactions to pain were evaluated using a Modified Behavioral Pain Scale. Immediately after administration of local anesthesia, pain perception was evaluated using the Faces pain rating scale. In the subsequent visit, another needle gauge was used to administer local anesthesia, and the previously described evaluations were performed. At the third appointment, the child was shown both syringes and asked to choose one of the syringes they preferred, and the choice was noted. Results: When local anesthesia was administered using a 31-gauge needle, pain perception was similar between the two groups. In group II, the children demonstrated significantly higher arm and leg movements (P = 0.001). However, the difference was significant in group I alone (P < 0.001). Conclusion Irrespective of age, anesthesia with a 31-gauge needle resulted in significantly lower pain perception than anesthesia with a 26-gauge needle.