Endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) is growing in popularity worldwide. An expanding body of literature demonstrates rapid functional recovery with reduced morbidity compared to open techniques. Both full endoscopic spine surgery, or uniportal endoscopy, and unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) can be employed in conjunction with various navigation and enabling technologies for assistance with localization of anatomic orientation and assessment of the intraoperative target spinal pathology. This review article describes various navigation technologies in ESS, including 2-dimensional (2D) fluoroscopic imaging, 2D fluoroscopic navigation, 3-dimensional C-arm navigation, augmented reality, and spinal robotics. Employment of enabling navigation and emerging technology with the registration of patient-specific anatomy enables clear delineation of anatomic landmarks and facilitation of a successful procedure. Additionally, avoidance of common pitfalls during use of navigation systems in ESS is discussed in this review.

Objective: Full endoscopic cervical surgery (FECS) is an evolving minimally invasive approach for treating cervical spine disorders. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence on the clinical outcomes and patient perspectives associated with FECS, specifically evaluating its safety, efficacy, and overall patient satisfaction. Methods: A systematic search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies published between January 2000 and September 2024 that reported on clinical outcomes or patient perspectives related to FECS were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I (Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies - of Interventions) tool and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Inclusion criteria encompassed randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, retrospective studies, and observational studies focused on adult populations undergoing FECS for cervical spine surgery. Results: The final synthesis included 30 studies. FECS was associated with significant reductions in both cervical and radicular pain, as well as meaningful functional improvements, measured by standardized clinical scales such as the Neck Disability Index and visual analogue scale. Patient satisfaction rates were consistently high, with most studies reporting satisfaction exceeding 85%. Complication rates were low, primarily involving transient neurological deficits that were typically resolved without the need for further intervention. Nonrandomized studies generally presented a moderate risk of bias due to confounding and selection, whereas randomized controlled trials exhibited a low risk of bias. Conclusion FECS is a safe and effective minimally invasive surgical option for cervical spine disorders associated with substantial pain relief, functional improvement and high levels of patient satisfaction.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of oil massage as an adjunct therapy for neonatal jaundice during phototherapy. Methods: A total of 160 neonates with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia were enrolled and randomly allocated into two study groups using a computer-generated random number table.Group 1 (Intervention Group) consisted of 84 patients who received both phototherapy and massage therapy, while Group 2 (Control Group) consisted of 76 patients who received only phototherapy. The intervention group underwent massage therapy three times daily for 20 minutes over two consecutive days. Transcutaneous bilirubin levels were measured every eight hours. Additionally, the total duration of phototherapy and the 24-hour stool and urine output frequency were recorded in both groups. Results: There were no significant differences in the demographic characteristics between the two groups. However, stool frequency and urine output were significantly higher in the intervention group. The average duration of phototherapy was 19.4±4.17 hours in the intervention group compared to 28.4±6.58 hours in the control group (p<0.001). The rate of Transcutaneous bilirubin reduction was significantly higher in the intervention group during the first 24 hours. A rebound increase in bilirubin levels was observed at 40 and 48 hours in both groups after phototherapy was discontinued. Conclusion Phototherapy combined with massage significantly reduced total bilirubin levels in newborns with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, making it a valuable adjunct treatment for the rapid reduction of bilirubin in neonates.

The complex architecture of the papillary muscles (PMs) of the ventricles plays a crucial role in cardiac function and pathology. This comparative study aimed to examine the differences in PMs morphology between the right and left ventricles, focusing on their number, location, and shape. A total of 38 grossly normal hearts from donated bodies were dissected, and the number, location, and shape of PMs in both ventricles were observed. In this study, the left ventricle predominantly exhibited a single PM with 71.05% on the sternocostal surface and 57.89% on the diaphragmatic surface.The right ventricle showed a higher prevalence of single PM, at 89.47% on the sternocostal surface and 63.16% on the diaphragmatic surface. Broad-based shape of the PM emerged as the predominant variant, constituting 55.26% and 44.73% on the sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the left ventricle, respectively. In contrast, conical-shaped PM predominated in the right ventricle. Unique findings included “H” and “b” shaped muscles, conjoint PMs were observed exclusively in the left ventricle, and small papillary projections with direct tendinous cord attachment in the right ventricle. A distinct webbed shaped configuration of PM was exclusively observed in the right ventricle in only one specimen. No significant difference (P=0.84) was noted in muscle bellies between ventricular surfaces. This study emphasizes the complexity and variability in PM morphology, highlighting the importance of a thorough understanding of these structures for cardiothoracic surgeons, radiologists, and cardiologists to enhance interventional techniques.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QOL) among caregivers of children with cerebral palsy and those caring for typically developing children. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted using convenience sampling to recruit 60 subjects. Anxiety, depression, and QOL were assessed with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF Scale, respectively. Results: The mean age of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy was 33.63±6.94 years, compared to 32±5.003 years for caregivers of typically developing children. Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy exhibited significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression, as well as poorer QOL, than those caring for typically developing children (P<0.05). Conclusion Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy experience higher levels of anxiety and depression and a poorer QOL compared to caregivers of typically developing children.

The complex architecture of the papillary muscles (PMs) of the ventricles plays a crucial role in cardiac function and pathology. This comparative study aimed to examine the differences in PMs morphology between the right and left ventricles, focusing on their number, location, and shape. A total of 38 grossly normal hearts from donated bodies were dissected, and the number, location, and shape of PMs in both ventricles were observed. In this study, the left ventricle predominantly exhibited a single PM with 71.05% on the sternocostal surface and 57.89% on the diaphragmatic surface.The right ventricle showed a higher prevalence of single PM, at 89.47% on the sternocostal surface and 63.16% on the diaphragmatic surface. Broad-based shape of the PM emerged as the predominant variant, constituting 55.26% and 44.73% on the sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the left ventricle, respectively. In contrast, conical-shaped PM predominated in the right ventricle. Unique findings included “H” and “b” shaped muscles, conjoint PMs were observed exclusively in the left ventricle, and small papillary projections with direct tendinous cord attachment in the right ventricle. A distinct webbed shaped configuration of PM was exclusively observed in the right ventricle in only one specimen. No significant difference (P=0.84) was noted in muscle bellies between ventricular surfaces. This study emphasizes the complexity and variability in PM morphology, highlighting the importance of a thorough understanding of these structures for cardiothoracic surgeons, radiologists, and cardiologists to enhance interventional techniques.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QOL) among caregivers of children with cerebral palsy and those caring for typically developing children. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted using convenience sampling to recruit 60 subjects. Anxiety, depression, and QOL were assessed with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF Scale, respectively. Results: The mean age of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy was 33.63±6.94 years, compared to 32±5.003 years for caregivers of typically developing children. Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy exhibited significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression, as well as poorer QOL, than those caring for typically developing children (P<0.05). Conclusion Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy experience higher levels of anxiety and depression and a poorer QOL compared to caregivers of typically developing children.

Incidental gallbladder cancer (iGBC) diagnosed post-histopathological examination of gallbladders removed assuming benign gallstone disease constitutes a significant proportion of GBC patients. Most iGBC patients present with early-stage disease. The standard care for localized (non-metastatic) iGBC includes a reoperation for complete extended (radical) cholecystectomy involving liver resection and lymphadenectomy, followed by postoperative adjuvant systemic therapy. However, a major drawback of this approach is the high recurrence rate within six months post-radical surgery, which undermines the benefits of the extensive procedure; notably, most recurrences are distant, highlighting the efficacy of systemic therapy. Similar to other gastrointestinal cancers, there appears to be a potential for neoadjuvant systemic therapy (chemotherapy) before reoperative surgery in iGBC cases. The premise that neoadjuvant systemic therapy aids in selecting diseases with more favorable biological characteristics and addresses micro-metastatic disease appears applicable to iGBC as well. This systematic review examines the current evidence supporting or refuting neoadjuvant therapy and discusses criteria for selecting patients who would derive significant benefit, along with proposing an optimal chemotherapy regimen for iGBC patients. Improved outcomes have been reported in patients undergoing reoperation after 4 to 14 weeks following the initial cholecystectomy compared to immediate reoperation. Limited, yet promising, evidence supports the use of 3 to 4 cycles of gemcitabine-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to reoperative surgery in select high-risk iGBC cases.