Objective:To explore changes in the along the perivascular space (ALPS) index in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and investigate its association with cerebral injury.Methods:The study was a cross-sectional investigation. A total of 32 patients diagnosed with RRMS (RRMS group) and 30 healthy controls (HC) were retrospectively collected from March 2023 to July 2024 at the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University. All participants underwent MRI scans, including high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) T 1-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo sequence, 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence, and diffusion spectrum imaging. Regions of interest (ROI) were manually placed on the axial plane of the lateral ventricular body based on fractional anisotropy (FA) maps to obtain diffusion rates along the x, y, and z axes for ALPS index calculation. Tract-based spatial statistics was used to extract diffusion values from the white matter skeleton of the participants, including FA, mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), and quantitative anisotropy (QA). Lesion growth algorithms were employed to extract white matter lesion volume (WMLV) and number (WMLN). After lesion filling on T 1 images, brain segmentation was performed, and normalized gray matter volume (nGMV), normalized white matter volume (nWMV), and normalized cerebrospinal fluid volume (nCSFV) were obtained by normalizing with total intracranial volume(TIV). Independent sample t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and χ2 tests were used to assess differences in clinical and imaging indicators between the RRMS and HC groups. Spearman′s rank correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the ALPS index and clinical and imaging indicators. Results:The ALPS index, FA, and nGMV values were lower in the RRMS group compared to the HC group ( t=2.42, P=0.019; Z=4.85, P<0.001; t=2.56, P=0.013), while the RD value was significantly higher in the RRMS group ( Z=-2.42, P=0.015). No significant difference was found in other clinical and imaging indicators between the two groups ( P>0.05). In the RRMS group, the ALPS index was negatively correlated with WMLV ( r=-0.43, P=0.018) and positively correlated with FA ( r=0.45, P=0.012). There was no correlation between ALPS index and MD values, AD values, RD values, QA values, WLMN values, nGMV values, nMWV values, nCSFV values, TIV values, and duration of the disease ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Patients with RRMS exhibit abnormal diffusion in the perivascular spaces at the lateral ventricular body, suggesting possible glymphatic system dysfunction. The ALPS index is associated with demyelination and neurodegeneration.

Objective:To explore changes in the along the perivascular space (ALPS) index in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and investigate its association with cerebral injury.Methods:The study was a cross-sectional investigation. A total of 32 patients diagnosed with RRMS (RRMS group) and 30 healthy controls (HC) were retrospectively collected from March 2023 to July 2024 at the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University. All participants underwent MRI scans, including high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) T 1-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo sequence, 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence, and diffusion spectrum imaging. Regions of interest (ROI) were manually placed on the axial plane of the lateral ventricular body based on fractional anisotropy (FA) maps to obtain diffusion rates along the x, y, and z axes for ALPS index calculation. Tract-based spatial statistics was used to extract diffusion values from the white matter skeleton of the participants, including FA, mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), and quantitative anisotropy (QA). Lesion growth algorithms were employed to extract white matter lesion volume (WMLV) and number (WMLN). After lesion filling on T 1 images, brain segmentation was performed, and normalized gray matter volume (nGMV), normalized white matter volume (nWMV), and normalized cerebrospinal fluid volume (nCSFV) were obtained by normalizing with total intracranial volume(TIV). Independent sample t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and χ2 tests were used to assess differences in clinical and imaging indicators between the RRMS and HC groups. Spearman′s rank correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the ALPS index and clinical and imaging indicators. Results:The ALPS index, FA, and nGMV values were lower in the RRMS group compared to the HC group ( t=2.42, P=0.019; Z=4.85, P<0.001; t=2.56, P=0.013), while the RD value was significantly higher in the RRMS group ( Z=-2.42, P=0.015). No significant difference was found in other clinical and imaging indicators between the two groups ( P>0.05). In the RRMS group, the ALPS index was negatively correlated with WMLV ( r=-0.43, P=0.018) and positively correlated with FA ( r=0.45, P=0.012). There was no correlation between ALPS index and MD values, AD values, RD values, QA values, WLMN values, nGMV values, nMWV values, nCSFV values, TIV values, and duration of the disease ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Patients with RRMS exhibit abnormal diffusion in the perivascular spaces at the lateral ventricular body, suggesting possible glymphatic system dysfunction. The ALPS index is associated with demyelination and neurodegeneration.

Spinal surgical site infection (SSI), especially deep SSI after internal fixation is difficult in treatment, with long course of disease and poor prognosis. At present, there are many controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal SSI, with unsatisfactory overall efficacy of its diagnosis and treatment. Besides, no diagnosis and treatment guideline based on evidence-based medicine has been in existence. To this end, the Spinal Infection Group of the Orthopedic Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association and the Spinal Infection Group of the Spinal Surgery Branch of the Chinese Rehabilitation Medicine Association jointly organized relevant experts to formulate Evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of surgical site infection in spinal trauma ( version 2024) based on an evidence-based approach. A total of 10 recommendations were proposed on the diagnosis and treatment of spinal SSI, so as to provide a clinical reference for the diagnosis and treatment of spinal SSI.

Spinal surgical site infection (SSI), especially deep SSI after internal fixation is difficult in treatment, with long course of disease and poor prognosis. At present, there are many controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal SSI, with unsatisfactory overall efficacy of its diagnosis and treatment. Besides, no diagnosis and treatment guideline based on evidence-based medicine has been in existence. To this end, the Spinal Infection Group of the Orthopedic Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association and the Spinal Infection Group of the Spinal Surgery Branch of the Chinese Rehabilitation Medicine Association jointly organized relevant experts to formulate Evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of surgical site infection in spinal trauma ( version 2024) based on an evidence-based approach. A total of 10 recommendations were proposed on the diagnosis and treatment of spinal SSI, so as to provide a clinical reference for the diagnosis and treatment of spinal SSI.

Enzyme-catalyzed CO₂ reduction to value-added commodities is important for alleviating the global environmental issues and energy crises due to high selectivity and mild conditions. Owing to high energy density, formic acid or methanol produced from CO₂ using formate dehydrogenase (FDH) or multi-enzyme cascades are promising target chemicals for CO₂ utilization. However, the low activity, poor stability and low reusability of key enzymes involved in such process hampered its large-scale application. Enzyme immobilization provides an effective solution to these problems and significant progress have been made in immobilization carriers. Moreover, integration of enzyme immobilization with other catalysis techniques have been explored extensively. This review summarized the recent advances in the immobilization of enzymes using membranes, inorganic materials, metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks and other carriers, and illustrated the characteristics and advantages of different immobilization materials and immobilization methods. The synergistic effects and applications of immobilized enzymes and electrocatalytic or photocatalytic coupling reaction systems for CO₂ reduction were further summarized. Finally, the current challenges of enzyme immobilization technology and coupling reaction systems were pointed out and their development prospects were presented.
Enzymes, Immobilized ; Carbon Dioxide ; Catalysis ; Formate Dehydrogenases ; Metal-Organic Frameworks

Objective To determine the off -label use of antibacterial agents,we investigated and analyzed the current status about off -label use of antibacterial agents.Methods The random sampling was conducted to select the outpatient prescription including antibacterial agents from January to April in 2016.According to drug instructions,the off -label drug use of prescription was analyzed.Results 1 264 prescriptions involving 58 kinds of drugs were analyzed.The main categories of off -label drug use were no pediatric and elderly information(23.42%), indication(4.1 5%),dosage (6.31 %),dosage range (62.95%)and administration route (3.1 5%).Conclusion The off -label use of antibacterial agents is common in our hospital.It's in need to regulate off -label drug use.

Objective To explore the functions of phospholipase C (PLC)-independent protein kinase C signaling pathway (PTH/nonPLC/PKC) of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and its role in bone metabolism. Methods Osteoblasts isolated from the calvaria of 2-or 3-day-old C57BL mice, identified by alkaline phosphatase staining and Alizarin red staining, were treated for 4 h with 100 nmol/L[Gly1, Arg19]hPTH(1-28) plus 10 nmol/L RP-cAMP, 10 nmol/L[Gly1, Arg19]hPTH(1-34) plus 10 nmol/L RP-cAMP , 10 nmol/L PTH(1-34), or and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The total RNA was then isolated for screening differentially expressed genes related to PTH/nonPLC/PKC pathway using Affymetrix mouse 12x135K gene expression profile microarray, and the identified genes were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. MC3T3-E1 cells treated with[Gly1, Arg19]hPTH(1-28)+RP-cAMP,[Gly1, Arg19]hPTH(1-34)+RP-cAMP,[Gly1, Arg19]hPTH(1-34)+RP-cAMP+100 nmol/L Go6983, or 0.1%TFA were also examined for GR(1-28)-or GR(1-34)-mediated gene expression changes using real-time quantitative PCR. Results Alizarin red staining visualized red mineralized nodules in the osteoblasts at 28 days of culture. According to the genechip results, we selected 56 target genes related to PTH/nonPLC/PKC pathway, among which CITED1 showed higher expressions in[Gly1, Arg19]hPTH(1-34)+RP-cAMP group than in both the control group and[Gly1, Arg19]hPTH(1-28)+RP-cAMP group (P<0.05), and its expression was the highest in PTH(1-34) group (P<0.05). RT-PCR of MC3T3-E1 cells yielded consist results with those in the primary osteoblasts, and the cells treated with Go6983 (a PKC inhibitor) did not show GR(1-28)- or GR(1-34)-mediated differential expression of CITED1. Conclusion The activation of PLC-independent protein kinase C signaling pathway of PTH enhances the expression of CITED1 in mouse osteoblasts to mediate the effect of PTH on bone metabolism, and this pathway is not dependent on the activation of PLC or PKA signaling.

Objective To explore the functions of phospholipase C (PLC)-independent protein kinase C signaling pathway (PTH/nonPLC/PKC) of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and its role in bone metabolism. Methods Osteoblasts isolated from the calvaria of 2-or 3-day-old C57BL mice, identified by alkaline phosphatase staining and Alizarin red staining, were treated for 4 h with 100 nmol/L[Gly1, Arg19]hPTH(1-28) plus 10 nmol/L RP-cAMP, 10 nmol/L[Gly1, Arg19]hPTH(1-34) plus 10 nmol/L RP-cAMP , 10 nmol/L PTH(1-34), or and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The total RNA was then isolated for screening differentially expressed genes related to PTH/nonPLC/PKC pathway using Affymetrix mouse 12x135K gene expression profile microarray, and the identified genes were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. MC3T3-E1 cells treated with[Gly1, Arg19]hPTH(1-28)+RP-cAMP,[Gly1, Arg19]hPTH(1-34)+RP-cAMP,[Gly1, Arg19]hPTH(1-34)+RP-cAMP+100 nmol/L Go6983, or 0.1%TFA were also examined for GR(1-28)-or GR(1-34)-mediated gene expression changes using real-time quantitative PCR. Results Alizarin red staining visualized red mineralized nodules in the osteoblasts at 28 days of culture. According to the genechip results, we selected 56 target genes related to PTH/nonPLC/PKC pathway, among which CITED1 showed higher expressions in[Gly1, Arg19]hPTH(1-34)+RP-cAMP group than in both the control group and[Gly1, Arg19]hPTH(1-28)+RP-cAMP group (P<0.05), and its expression was the highest in PTH(1-34) group (P<0.05). RT-PCR of MC3T3-E1 cells yielded consist results with those in the primary osteoblasts, and the cells treated with Go6983 (a PKC inhibitor) did not show GR(1-28)- or GR(1-34)-mediated differential expression of CITED1. Conclusion The activation of PLC-independent protein kinase C signaling pathway of PTH enhances the expression of CITED1 in mouse osteoblasts to mediate the effect of PTH on bone metabolism, and this pathway is not dependent on the activation of PLC or PKA signaling.

OBJECTIVETo establish a model bearing human lung cancer xenograft with bone metastasis in mice with normal immune function.

METHODSForty female C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups, including a control group and 3 immunosuppression groups treated with low, moderate, and high doses of dexamethasone (50, 100, and 150 mg, respectively). Four days after immune suppression, the mice were subjected to percutaneous injection of1.0×10(9) L(-1) A549 cells into the tibial plateau, and the bone defects were assessed radiographically 28 days after modeling. HE staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to examine the tumor tissues and bone tissue damages.

RESULTSIn each of the 4 groups one mouse died during tumor cell injection. Only 1 mouse showed tumor formation in low-dose immunosuppression group, as compared to 7 and 4 in moderate- and high-dose immunosuppression groups. X-ray and microCT scan showed significant tibial bone destruction in moderate- and high-dose groups. The moderate- and high-dose groups showed similar ALP activities but both were significantly higher than those in the other two groups (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONImmunosuppression with a moderate dose of dexamethasone results in longer survival time of the human lung cancer xenograft-bearing model mice as well as a higher tumor formation rate.

Animals ; Bone Neoplasms ; secondary ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Dexamethasone ; pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Humans ; Immunosuppression ; Lung Neoplasms ; pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasm Transplantation

Objective To establish a model bearing human lung cancer xenograft with bone metastasis in mice with normal immune function. Methods Forty female C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups, including a control group and 3 immunosuppression groups treated with low, moderate, and high doses of dexamethasone (50, 100, and 150 mg, respectively). Four days after immune suppression, the mice were subjected to percutaneous injection of1.0 × 109 L-1 A549 cells into the tibial plateau, and the bone defects were assessed radiographically 28 days after modeling. HE staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to examine the tumor tissues and bone tissue damages. Results In each of the 4 groups one mouse died during tumor cell injection. Only 1 mouse showed tumor formation in low-dose immunosuppression group, as compared to 7 and 4 in moderate- and high-dose immunosuppression groups. X-ray and microCT scan showed significant tibial bone destruction in moderate- and high-dose groups. The moderate- and high-dose groups showed similar ALP activities but both were significantly higher than those in the other two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Immunosuppression with a moderate dose of dexamethasone results in longer survival time of the human lung cancer xenograft-bearing model mice as well as a higher tumor formation rate.