Objective: To show the characteristics of blood component transfusion and differences in hematopoietic reconstitution time among patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) retrospectively, with the aim of identifying factors affecting blood transfusion and hematopoietic reconstitution, and providing evidence for optimizing stem cell collection strategies and developing individualized transfusion regimens. Methods: A total of 95 patients who received allo-HSCT treatment in our hospital from January 2023 to December 2025 were enrolled. Data including disease classification, HLA matching status, ABO blood group compatibility, and cellular composition of grafts were analyzed, and differences in red blood cell and platelet transfusion requirements, as well as the hematopoietic reconstitution time, were compared among groups. Factors affecting transfusion requirements and hematopoietic reconstitution time were evaluated. Results: Different disease classifications showed no significant effect on red blood cell or platelet transfusion requirements. No statistically significant differences were observed in blood component transfusion volumes or hematopoietic reconstitution time between HLA semi-matched and fully matched status, ABO blood group compatibility, and graft platelet count. A statistically significant difference was observed only in granulocyte engraftment time between the graft MNC count group of (6-10)×10 /kg and the (2-4)×10 /kg group [12.00 (11.00, 13.00) vs 18.00 (17.00, 30.00) days, P<0.05]. Regarding graft CD34 cell count, the (6-10)×10 /kg group had a platelet transfusion volume of 3.00 (3.00, 4.00) therapeutic units, with granulocyte and platelet engraftment time of 11.00 (10.25, 13.75) days and 12.00 (11.00, 14.00) days, respectively; the (>10)×10 /kg group had corresponding values of 3.00 (2.00, 3.25) therapeutic units, 11.50 (10.00, 12.00) days, and 12.00 (11.00, 13.00) days. Compared with the (2-4)×10 /kg group [6.00 (3.00, 8.00) therapeutic units, 13.00 (12.00, 15.00) days, 15.00 (15.50, 22.50) days], all these differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Patients in the CD34 <4×10 /kg group demonstrated delayed granulocyte and platelet engraftment and significantly increased platelet transfusion requirements. Conclusion: The CD34 cell dose in the graft is a significant correlate of hematopoietic reconstitution time after allo-HSCT and is significantly associated with platelet transfusion requirements. Blood transfusion is a necessary measure for supportive treatment of allo-HSCT patients. Optimizing stem cell harvesting protocols to achieve the target CD34 cell dose, along with developing individualized transfusion strategies based on graft CD34 counts, may facilitate hematopoietic recovery, reduce transfusion burden, and ultimately improve patient outcomes after transplantation.

Objective To investigate the correlation between novel bone metabolism markers and the degree of aortic calcification as well as cardiovascular event risk in elderly patients treated by PD.Methods A prospective trial was conducted on 230 elderly patients receiving continuous am-bulatory PD in our department from February 2022 to February 2024.According to the occur-rence of cardiovascular events during dialysis treatment,they were divided into a cardiovascular event group(n=92)and a control group(n=138).Relevant clinical data were collected,aortic calcification was assessed using AAC scores,and serum levels of bone metabolism markers,inclu-ding osteoprotegerin,TRACP,and PINP were measured.Results The serum levels of osteoprote-gerin,TRACP and PINP were significantly higher in the cardiovascular event group than the con-trol group(P＜0.01).The cardiovascular event group had obviously severe calcification and higher AAC score than the control group(P＜0.01).The serum levels of the three bone metabolism markers were notably higher in the patients with severe calcification than those with moderate calcification,followed by mild calcification in turn(P＜0.01).Spearman correlation analysis indi-cated that the levels of the three indicators were positively correlated with the degree of aortic cal-cification in elderly PD patients(r=0.465,P=0.000;r=0.396,P=0.000;r=0.434,P=0.000).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that these three indicators were risk factors for cardiovascular events in elderly PD patients(P＜0.01).Conclusion The three bone metabolism markers are significantly correlated with aortic calcification severity and cardiovascular event risk in elderly PD patients.Monitoring these marker levels may be helpful for the assessment and man-agement of cardiovascular risk.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of alirocumab combined with atorvastatin on clinical efficacy and safety of patients with acute coronary syndrome （ACS） who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. METHODS A total of 207 patients with ACS who underwent PCI in our hospital from January 2021 to December 2023 were randomly divided into alirocumab group， ezetimibe group and control group， with 69 cases in each group. All patients received routine thrombosis prevention and antihypertensive treatment after PCI. On this basis， patients in the control group were treated with atorvastatin （20 mg/time， once a day）； patients in the ezetimibe group were treated with ezetimibe （10 mg/time， once a day） + atorvastatin （20 mg/time， once a day）； patients in the alirocumab group were treated with alirocumab （75 mg/time， once every 2 weeks） + atorvastatin （20 mg/time， once a day）. All patients in the three groups were treated for 8 weeks and followed up for another 6 months after treatment. The levels of cardiac function and lipid metabolism indices before and after treatment， as well as the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular event （MACE） and other adverse drug reaction （ADR） during the follow-up period were compared among the three groups. RESULTS After treatment for 8 weeks， the levels of cardiac function and lipid metabolism indices in the three groups were significantly improved compared with those before treatment （P＜0.05）. Compared with the control group and ezetimibe group， the left ventricular ejection fraction in the alirocumab group was significantly increased， and the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter （LVEDD） was significantly shortened （P＜0.05）. Compared with control group， LVEDD of ezetimibe group was significantly shortened （P＜0.05）， the levels of total cholesterol， triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the alirocumab group and ezetimibe group were significantly decreased （P＜0.05）. During the follow-up period， there was no significant difference in the total incidence of MACE and the total incidence of other ADR such as headache and abdominal pain among the three groups （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Alirocumab combined with atorvastatin can significantly improve cardiac function and regulate lipid metabolism indices in patients with ACS after PCI without increasing the risk of MACE or other ADR.

Objective To investigate the correlation between novel bone metabolism markers and the degree of aortic calcification as well as cardiovascular event risk in elderly patients treated by PD.Methods A prospective trial was conducted on 230 elderly patients receiving continuous am-bulatory PD in our department from February 2022 to February 2024.According to the occur-rence of cardiovascular events during dialysis treatment,they were divided into a cardiovascular event group(n=92)and a control group(n=138).Relevant clinical data were collected,aortic calcification was assessed using AAC scores,and serum levels of bone metabolism markers,inclu-ding osteoprotegerin,TRACP,and PINP were measured.Results The serum levels of osteoprote-gerin,TRACP and PINP were significantly higher in the cardiovascular event group than the con-trol group(P＜0.01).The cardiovascular event group had obviously severe calcification and higher AAC score than the control group(P＜0.01).The serum levels of the three bone metabolism markers were notably higher in the patients with severe calcification than those with moderate calcification,followed by mild calcification in turn(P＜0.01).Spearman correlation analysis indi-cated that the levels of the three indicators were positively correlated with the degree of aortic cal-cification in elderly PD patients(r=0.465,P=0.000;r=0.396,P=0.000;r=0.434,P=0.000).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that these three indicators were risk factors for cardiovascular events in elderly PD patients(P＜0.01).Conclusion The three bone metabolism markers are significantly correlated with aortic calcification severity and cardiovascular event risk in elderly PD patients.Monitoring these marker levels may be helpful for the assessment and man-agement of cardiovascular risk.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the short-term efficacy of single-session microwave ablation for benign thyroid nodule.METHODS Patients with benign thyroid nodules treated by microwave ablation between June 2019 and December 2022 at the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University,were included for analysis.Thyroid function was tested 1 month after treatment,and ultrasound and thyroid function were performed 3 months,6 months and 1 year after treatment.Volume reduction rates(VRR)of nodules were calculated.Data of the last follow-up within 1 year were included for analysis.Variables including gender,age,whether Hashimoto's thyroiditis was present,longitudinal diameter of nodules,solid volume of nodules were included for univariate and multivariate analysis.RESULTS A total of 151 patients with 163 nodules were included.The perioperative complication rate was 1.99%(3/151).The VRR at half year after treatment was(79.58±17.70)%,and the success rate at half year after treatment was 93.43%(128/137).The VRR of at 1year after treatment was(81.24±24.29)%.The 1-year treatment success rate was 92.77%(77/83).Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that nodular solid volume and age were independent factors affecting VRR after ablation.Regression coefficient of age and solid volume was 0.34(P<0.05)and-0.47(P<0.05),respectively.For every 1 cm3 increase in solid volume,1-year VRR(%)decreased by 0.47.Regression equation:1-year VRR=68.92+0.34×age-0.47×solid volume.Serum FT4 gradually decreased and the thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)gradually increased within 6 months after ablation,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).After 6 months,serum FT4 gradually recovered to the normal level and TSH gradually recovered.However,TSH still did not reach the preoperative level one year after ablation.FT3 decreased gradually after treatment,but there was no significant difference between the values at each time point(P=0.40).After the ablation of thyroid nodule,the mean value of thyroid function index fluctuated,but all of them were within the normal reference range.CONCLUSION Microwave ablation is a safe and effective treatment method for benign thyroid nodules,with an overall success rate of over 90%.Solid nodule volume and age are independent factors affecting the microwave ablation effect of benign thyroid nodules.

Cancer immunotherapy has rapidly become the fourth mainstream treatment alternative after surgery,radiotherapy,and chemotherapy,with some promising results.It aims to kill tumor cells by mobilizing or stimulating cytotoxic immune cells.However,the clinical applications of tumor immunotherapies are limited owing to a lack of adequate delivery pathways and high toxicity.Recently,nanomaterials and genetic engineering have shown great potential in overcoming these limitations by protecting the delivery of antigens,activating targeted T cells,modulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment,and improving the treatment efficacy.Bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG)is a live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis,which was first reported to have antitumor activity in 1927.BCG therapy can activate the immune system by inducing various cytokines and chemokines,and its specific immune and inflammatory responses exert antitumor effects.BCG was first used during the 1970s as an intravesical treatment agent for bladder cancer,which effectively improved immune antitumor activity and prevented tumor recurrence.More recently,nano-BCG and genetically engineered BCG have been proposed as treatment alternatives for bladder cancer due to their ability to induce stronger and more stable immune responses.In this study,we outline the development of nano-BCG and genetically engineered BCG for bladder cancer immunotherapy and review their potential and associated challenges.

【Objective】 To retrospectively analyze the blood transfusion of 322 patients with Stanford type A aortic coarctation in our hospital, and to explore the influencing factors of perioperative blood transfusion in patients and evaluate the effect. 【Methods】 The patients with Stanford A type aortic coarctation who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital from October 2020 to October 2023 were selected to analyze the differences in blood transfusion and the monitoring of blood routine and coagulation function between different surgical modalities, and to evaluate the influencing factors of massive blood transfusion. 【Results】 The intraoperative allogeneic red blood cell transfusion rate was 63.98% and the perioperative allogeneic red blood cell transfusion rate was 85.71% in patients with Stanford type A aortic coarctation. The intraoperative red blood cell, plasma, cryoprecipitates and platelet transfusion volumes for the Bentall procedure were (3.75±3.81) U, (608.13±314.77) mL, (15.25±8.39) U and (1.53±0.78) therapeutic doses, respectively, and had no difference compared with those for Sun′s procedure with the transfusion volume of (3.13±4.04) U, (707.61± 461.21) mL, (15.79±6.59) U and (1.54±0.64) therapeutic doses and those for Bentall&Sun’s procedure with the transfusion volume of (3.04±4.41) U, (813.48±582.02) mL, (18.39±6.43) U and (1.76±0.58) therapeutic doses(P>0.05). Preoperative hemoglobin levels were significantly lower in patients treated with Bentall procedure (127.75±23.17) g/L and in patients treated with Sun′s procedure (126.07±16.14) g/L than in patients treated with Bentall & Sun′s procedure(133.17±18.12) g/L(P<0.05). Postoperative hemoglobin, APTT and platelet counts were not statistically different between groups(P>0.05). Perioperative erythrocyte massive infusion accounted for 53.42%. The length of hospital days(days) in the massive transfusion group (23.83±9.74) was significantly higher than that in the conventional transfusion group (31.71±22.98), and the mortality rate in the massive infusion group 34.88% was significantly higher than that in the conventional transfusion group (5.33%)(P<0.05), and the hemoglobin level (g/L) at discharge in the massive infusion group(95.65±11.58)was lower than that in the conventional transfusion group(101.93±15.77)(P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Blood transfusion is necessary to ensure the perioperative treatment of patients with acute Stanford type A aortic coarctation. Massive transfusion of red blood cells is accompanied by an increase in mortality rate and prolonged hospital stay. The test of coagulation function is helpful in guiding the use of blood components, and individualized restrictive transfusion strategy can reduce unnecessary blood transfusion and is conductive to patient safety.

【Objective】 To analyze the blood transfusion strategies in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) recievers in our hospital, so as to explore the clinical application and efficacy of blood transfusion in patients on ECMO. 【Methods】 Data from patients on ECMO treatment in our hospital from October 2017 to October 2021 was collected. The blood transfusion data and coagulation monitoring indexes during different ECMO modes were analyzed, and the efficacy of blood transfusion was evaluated. 【Results】 No difference in the number of blood transfusions was noticed by ECMO treatment modes.The transfusion units of red blood cells, plasma and platelets in VA mode were (28.35±14.60) U, (7 367.78±5 194.33) mL and (7.04±5.10) therapeutic volumes, which were higher than those in VV mode, i. e. (18.67±21.50) U, (4 836.67±6 640.50) mL and (3.60±7.47) therapeutic dose, respectively.In VA-ECMO mode, the Hb level and platelet count before ECMO treatment were (126.44±23.9) g/L and (223.84±67.62) × 10⁹/L, which were significantly higher than those after treatment (91.02±21.48) g/L and (172.86±127.73)×10⁹/L.In VV-ECMO mode, the APTT before ECMO treatment was (35.28±8.73) s, which was shorter than that after treatment (41.96±13.69) s. The levels of fibrinogen, Hb and platelet count were (3.80±1.85) g/L, (123.81±33.77) g/L and (175.72±98.91)×10⁹/L, which were significantly higher than the levels after treatment (2.78±1.08) g/L, (92.31±17.38) g/L and (125.31±98.14)×10⁹/L, respectively. 【Conclusion】 There are differences in the amount of blood transfusion among different modes of ECMO treatment. As blood transfusion is a necessary support to ensure ECMO treatment, the monitoring of coagulation index is conducive to reduce blood transfusion, improve the efficiency of blood transfusion and benefit to patient safety.

Objective:To investigate the abnormalities of gray matter volume (GMV) and the synergistic changes in different cerebral regions in the first-episode and early-onset depression (EOD) patients.Methods:A total of 60 patients with untreated EOD (EOD group) and 64 healthy controls (control group) matched for age, gender, and education underwent high-resolution T 1WI MR scans. Voxel-based morphometry was used to calculate the cerebral GMV. The difference in GMV between the two groups was compared with the t-test. Different brain regions were selected as seeds for structural covariation network (SCN) analysis. Spearman correlation model was used to analyze the correlation between the GMV in different cerebral regions and illness duration as well as the scores of Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAMD) 17 items in EOD group. Results:Compared to control group, the EOD group had significantly increased GMV in the right orbitofrontal cortex, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right inferior parietal lobule, right superior parietal lobule and bilateral precuneus ( P<0.05, corrected by FDR). Based on the right orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as seed regions, structural covariance analysis revealed that abnormal cooperative brain regions in EOD group, mainly distributed in the bilateral frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, paralimbic system and cerebellum ( P<0.05, corrected by FDR). In EOD group, significant negative correlations were observed between the GMV in the right orbitofrontal cortex ( r=-0.314, P=0.015), the left precuneus ( r=-0.283, P=0.029), and illness duration. Significant positive correlations were observed between the GMV in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the scores of anxiety/somatization factor of HAMD17 ( r=0.331, P=0.010), the left precuneus and weight factor of HAMD17 ( r=0.255, P=0.049), respectively. Conclusions:Abnormal GMV changes are observed in some regions of the prefrontal and parietal lobule in patients with untreated EOD, accompanied by extensive covariant brain regions and additional structural connectivity. In addition, the abnormal GMV changes in some regions are associated with clinical features. Part of the prefrontal and parietal lobule may be the biomarkers to objectively evaluate abnormal brain structure in depression patients in the early stage.

【Objective】 To investigate the profile of Rh blood group antigen in pregnant women and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) in Qingdao area. 【Methods】 10 597 pregnant women admitted in our hospital during October 2016 to February 2020 were selected and the ABO, Rh blood group system antigen (D, C, c, E, e) and the irregular antibody were detected, and positive antibody was further identified. The irregular antibody of Rh blood group in pregnant women was statistically analyzed according to the history of blood transfusion and pregnancy. Twelve HDN cases were studied, and the results of ABO, Rh blood group antigen and irregular antibody, antibody property identification, HDN test and blood routine test were retrospectively analyzed. 【Results】 Among 10 513 cases of Rh-positive pregnant women, the common phenotype was CCee>CcEe>Ccee>ccEE>ccEe; among 84 cases of Rh-negative pregnant wome, the common phenotype was ccee>Ccee> CCee> ccEE>ccEe. The positive rate of irregular antibody was 1.06% (112/10597) in 10 597 pregnant women, of which the Rh antibody was the highest, rated at 56.25% (63/112). For 64 pregnant women with positive antibodies, antibodies against Rh system were different from those against other systems when stratified by the history of blood transfusion (P<0.05) and pregnancy (P<0.05). Twelve neonates were diagnosed with Rh-HDN, with IgG anti-E in 6 cases, IgG anti-D 3, IgG anti-cE 1, IgG anti-C 1and IgG anti-c 1. Among them, 3 were seriously ill and treated with blood exchange. 【Conclusion】 As two-child policy was implemented, the incidence of Rh HDN had increased. ABO, RhD, C, c, E and e matched transfusion should be administered for women at childbearing age. Meanwhile, clinical termination of delivery was recommended for pregnant women, who probably develop Rh-HDN and are with critical situation. Rh phenotype matched fresh blood should be prepared, which has great clinical significance for rescuing newborns.