The intestine is a complex symbiotic system, and the gut microbiota is closely related to host health. Studies have indicated that the gut microbiota influences physiological functions of the host by producing a variety of metabolites, which act as signaling molecules and substrates for metabolic reactions in the host. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota affects the abundance of gut microbiota-derived metabolites, thereby influencing host health by disrupting signal transduction in multiple organs. Additionally, dietary compounds can shape the gut microbiota, affecting gut microbiota-derived metabolite levels and regulating host metabolism. This article introduces the methods for mining gut microbiota-derived metabolites, reviews the roles of these metabolites in metabolic diseases and related dietary interventions. Which provides a perspective on the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases by targeting these metabolites, enriching the knowledge on the role of gut microbiota in the regulation of host metabolism.
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology* ; Humans ; Dysbiosis/microbiology* ; Metabolic Diseases/metabolism* ; Diet

Hyaluronic acid (HA) possesses excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-immunogenicity, and exhibits active targeting capability to receptors such as cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44). Therefore, HA has become an important material for the design and preparation of drug delivery carriers in recent years. HA is rich in functional groups that can be chemically modified, but different modification methods and sites can affect its biological properties. This paper summarizes and discusses the effects of chemical modification on the biological properties of HA based on the formation mechanisms of such properties, as well as the derivatization and characterization methods of HA, so as to provide some reference for rational research on chemical modification of HA.

Objective:To explore the specific mechanism of lactic acid(LA)on regulating decidual macrophage differentia-tion in pre-eclampsia(PE)through non-receptor tyrosine kinase sarcoma virus protein/lactate dehydrogenase A(SRC/LDHA)signaling pathway.Methods:Decidual tissues were collected from 16 women with preeclampsia(PE)and 16 women with normal pregnancies during the same period.Immunofluorescence was used to assess macrophage subtypes and LA secretion in decidual tissues.Biochemi-cal assays and Western blot were performed to measure levels of LA,LDHA and MCT-4 in tissues.Biochemical assays were conducted to measure LA level in supernatants of normal trophoblast cells under different cell densities and oxygen conditions.Flow cytometry was used to assess polarization of macrophages in normal decidual tissues under different conditions of LA,oxygen and culture media.qRT-PCR,Western blot,ROS,and NAD+/NADH measurements were performed to evaluate mRNA and protein levels related to gly-colysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation,as well as proteins associated with SRC/LDHA signaling pathway,ROS level,and NAD+/NADH.Thirty pregnant rats were divided into normal group,model group,low-,medium-,high-dose AZD3965 groups,with 6 rats in each group.PE model was established,and the systolic blood pressure and urinary protein levels of pregnant rats were measured at various time points.On gestational day 20,the placental and fetal development in each group were compared.Immunofluo-rescence was used to assess trophoblast cell invasion and uterine spiral artery remodeling in decidual tissues.Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate fetal vascular development and macrophage polarization.Results:Compared with nor-mal pregnant women,patients with PE exhibited an increased proportion of M1 macrophages,CK7+LDHA+,CK7+MCT-4+cells,LA,LDHA and MCT-4(P<0.05),while proportion of M2 macrophages was decreased(P<0.05).Compared with normoxic conditions,LA level in supernatant of trophoblast cells was significantly increased under hypoxic conditions(P<0.05).Under normoxic condition,compared with control groups,conditioned culture group showed a decreased M1/M2 macrophage(P<0.05).LA group exhibited in-creased expressions of NDUFA1,NDUFA2,UQCRC1,UQCRC2,COX4I1,COX4I2,ATP5F1A,ATP5F1B mRNA,and SDHB,COX4I1,LDHB,p-SRC(Y416),p-LDHA(Y10),VEGF and ARG-1 protein(P<0.05).NAD+/NADH was decreased(P<0.05).PX478 group showed increased expression of p-SRC(P<0.05).LA+PX478 group exhibited increased expressions of p-SRC(Y416)and p-LDHA(Y10)(P<0.05),while VEGF expression was decreased(P<0.05).Under hypoxic conditions,compared with control groups,the conditioned culture group,LA group and LA+PX478 group exhibited an increased M1/M2 macrophage(P<0.05).LA group showed upregulated expressions of LDHA mRNA,HIF-1α,LDHA,p-SRC(Y416),p-LDHA(Y10)and iNOS(P<0.05),while mRNA expression of LDHB and protein expressions of NDUFA1 and UQCRC2 were downregulated(P<0.05).ROS level and NAD+/NADH were decreased(P<0.05).PX478 group demonstrated reduced HIF-1α expression(P<0.05)and increased p-SRC(Y416)expression(P<0.05).LA+PX478 group showed decreased HIF-1α expression(P<0.05)and increased p-LDHA(Y10)ex-pression(P<0.05).Compared with LA group,LA+PX478 group exhibited elevated ROS level(P<0.05)and a reduced NAD+/NADH(P<0.05).Compared with normal group,pregnant rats in model group exhibited increased blood pressure,urine protein levels and an elevated M1/M2 in decidual tissue(P<0.05).The fetal mice exhibited abnormal development,with inadequate trophoblast cell infiltra-tion,impaired uterine spiral artery remodeling,a decreased number of fetal blood vessels in placental labyrinthine layer,and nar-rowed lumens.Compared with model group,the low,medium,and high-dose AZD3965 groups showed decreased blood pressure,urine protein levels and M1/M2(P<0.05).Additionally,there was an improvement in fetal mouse development,trophoblast cell infil-tration and uterine spiral artery remodeling.The number of fetal blood vessels in placental labyrinthine layer increased,and the lu-mens expanded.Conclusion:LA can regulate macrophage polarization in decidua of PE through SRC/LDHA pathway,and blocking LA uptake can alleviate the pathological manifestations in pregnant rats with PE.

Objective:To explore the specific mechanism of lactic acid(LA)on regulating decidual macrophage differentia-tion in pre-eclampsia(PE)through non-receptor tyrosine kinase sarcoma virus protein/lactate dehydrogenase A(SRC/LDHA)signaling pathway.Methods:Decidual tissues were collected from 16 women with preeclampsia(PE)and 16 women with normal pregnancies during the same period.Immunofluorescence was used to assess macrophage subtypes and LA secretion in decidual tissues.Biochemi-cal assays and Western blot were performed to measure levels of LA,LDHA and MCT-4 in tissues.Biochemical assays were conducted to measure LA level in supernatants of normal trophoblast cells under different cell densities and oxygen conditions.Flow cytometry was used to assess polarization of macrophages in normal decidual tissues under different conditions of LA,oxygen and culture media.qRT-PCR,Western blot,ROS,and NAD+/NADH measurements were performed to evaluate mRNA and protein levels related to gly-colysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation,as well as proteins associated with SRC/LDHA signaling pathway,ROS level,and NAD+/NADH.Thirty pregnant rats were divided into normal group,model group,low-,medium-,high-dose AZD3965 groups,with 6 rats in each group.PE model was established,and the systolic blood pressure and urinary protein levels of pregnant rats were measured at various time points.On gestational day 20,the placental and fetal development in each group were compared.Immunofluo-rescence was used to assess trophoblast cell invasion and uterine spiral artery remodeling in decidual tissues.Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate fetal vascular development and macrophage polarization.Results:Compared with nor-mal pregnant women,patients with PE exhibited an increased proportion of M1 macrophages,CK7+LDHA+,CK7+MCT-4+cells,LA,LDHA and MCT-4(P<0.05),while proportion of M2 macrophages was decreased(P<0.05).Compared with normoxic conditions,LA level in supernatant of trophoblast cells was significantly increased under hypoxic conditions(P<0.05).Under normoxic condition,compared with control groups,conditioned culture group showed a decreased M1/M2 macrophage(P<0.05).LA group exhibited in-creased expressions of NDUFA1,NDUFA2,UQCRC1,UQCRC2,COX4I1,COX4I2,ATP5F1A,ATP5F1B mRNA,and SDHB,COX4I1,LDHB,p-SRC(Y416),p-LDHA(Y10),VEGF and ARG-1 protein(P<0.05).NAD+/NADH was decreased(P<0.05).PX478 group showed increased expression of p-SRC(P<0.05).LA+PX478 group exhibited increased expressions of p-SRC(Y416)and p-LDHA(Y10)(P<0.05),while VEGF expression was decreased(P<0.05).Under hypoxic conditions,compared with control groups,the conditioned culture group,LA group and LA+PX478 group exhibited an increased M1/M2 macrophage(P<0.05).LA group showed upregulated expressions of LDHA mRNA,HIF-1α,LDHA,p-SRC(Y416),p-LDHA(Y10)and iNOS(P<0.05),while mRNA expression of LDHB and protein expressions of NDUFA1 and UQCRC2 were downregulated(P<0.05).ROS level and NAD+/NADH were decreased(P<0.05).PX478 group demonstrated reduced HIF-1α expression(P<0.05)and increased p-SRC(Y416)expression(P<0.05).LA+PX478 group showed decreased HIF-1α expression(P<0.05)and increased p-LDHA(Y10)ex-pression(P<0.05).Compared with LA group,LA+PX478 group exhibited elevated ROS level(P<0.05)and a reduced NAD+/NADH(P<0.05).Compared with normal group,pregnant rats in model group exhibited increased blood pressure,urine protein levels and an elevated M1/M2 in decidual tissue(P<0.05).The fetal mice exhibited abnormal development,with inadequate trophoblast cell infiltra-tion,impaired uterine spiral artery remodeling,a decreased number of fetal blood vessels in placental labyrinthine layer,and nar-rowed lumens.Compared with model group,the low,medium,and high-dose AZD3965 groups showed decreased blood pressure,urine protein levels and M1/M2(P<0.05).Additionally,there was an improvement in fetal mouse development,trophoblast cell infil-tration and uterine spiral artery remodeling.The number of fetal blood vessels in placental labyrinthine layer increased,and the lu-mens expanded.Conclusion:LA can regulate macrophage polarization in decidua of PE through SRC/LDHA pathway,and blocking LA uptake can alleviate the pathological manifestations in pregnant rats with PE.

Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a common zoonotic endemic parasitic disease in western China. It lacks of typical clinical manifestations in the early stage, and symptoms become prominent during the end stage, with an alarmingly high mortality rate. Among the treatment of end-stage HAE (es-HAE), orthotopic liver transplantation is almost the only radical treatment due to insufficient remnant liver volume, uncontrollable bleeding and difficulty in vascular reconstruction in vivo. However, the shortage of donor liver and long-term postoperative use of immunosuppressants limit its application. The introduction of ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation (ELRA) resolves this dilemma and significantly broadens the indications of es-HAE. In addition, multiple centers in China have optimized and modified ELRA to further improve the treatment system of es-HAE. At present, liver transplantation (including ELRA) of es-HAE remains a hot topic for clinicians. In this article, orthotopic liver transplantation, ELRA, auxiliary ELRA and other surgical treatment of es-HAE were reviewed, aiming to further enhance the diagnosis and treatment of es-HAE and improve clinical prognosis of the patients.

Objectives:To explore the spatial distribution characteristics, trend changes, and spatial clustering of esophageal cancer among residents in China at the county (city, district) scale, a spatial epidemiological approach was used, with the aim of providing localized evidence for the prevention and treatment of esophageal cancer in China.Methods:The data source was the incidence (crude rate) and mortality (crude rate) of esophageal cancer from 2005 to 2016 in the 2008-2019 edition of China Cancer Registration Annual Report published by the National Cancer Center. The Joinpoint model was used for time trend analysis. The tumor registration area in 2016 was selected as the study area for spatial feature analysis, with a total of 487 counties (cities and districts), covering 27.6% of the national population. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed to reveal spatial distribution characteristics by using Arcgis 10.6 software, and spatial scanning statistics was used to analyze spatial clustering characteristics by using SaTScan 9.5 software. The log-likelihood ratio ( LLR) and relative risk ( RR) were calculated in different windows, and the region with the largest LLR value represented the most likely cluster. Results:From 2005 to 2016, the incidence and mortality rate of esophageal cancer in China showed a trend of increasing at first and then decreasing. The incidence and mortality rate of esophageal cancer in 2016 were characterized by spatial positive correlation. High incidence and high mortality were mainly concentrated in the areas through which the Huaihe River flowed. The primary clusters (taking high incidence rate as an example LLR=6 374.41, RR=2.37, P＜0.001) were mainly distributed in Jiangsu, Anhui and Shandong in eastern China and eastern Henan and southern Hebei in central China, and secondary clusters (taking high incidence rate as an example LLR=1 971.19, RR=1.91, P＜0.001) in Gansu, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Shaanxi, Sichuan and other central and western regions. Conclusions:The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer in China have decreased since 2010. The disease burden of esophageal cancer has obvious spatial differences, and measures should be taken according to local conditions in high-risk cluster areas such as the Huaihe River basin.

Objectives:To explore the spatial distribution characteristics, trend changes, and spatial clustering of esophageal cancer among residents in China at the county (city, district) scale, a spatial epidemiological approach was used, with the aim of providing localized evidence for the prevention and treatment of esophageal cancer in China.Methods:The data source was the incidence (crude rate) and mortality (crude rate) of esophageal cancer from 2005 to 2016 in the 2008-2019 edition of China Cancer Registration Annual Report published by the National Cancer Center. The Joinpoint model was used for time trend analysis. The tumor registration area in 2016 was selected as the study area for spatial feature analysis, with a total of 487 counties (cities and districts), covering 27.6% of the national population. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed to reveal spatial distribution characteristics by using Arcgis 10.6 software, and spatial scanning statistics was used to analyze spatial clustering characteristics by using SaTScan 9.5 software. The log-likelihood ratio ( LLR) and relative risk ( RR) were calculated in different windows, and the region with the largest LLR value represented the most likely cluster. Results:From 2005 to 2016, the incidence and mortality rate of esophageal cancer in China showed a trend of increasing at first and then decreasing. The incidence and mortality rate of esophageal cancer in 2016 were characterized by spatial positive correlation. High incidence and high mortality were mainly concentrated in the areas through which the Huaihe River flowed. The primary clusters (taking high incidence rate as an example LLR=6 374.41, RR=2.37, P＜0.001) were mainly distributed in Jiangsu, Anhui and Shandong in eastern China and eastern Henan and southern Hebei in central China, and secondary clusters (taking high incidence rate as an example LLR=1 971.19, RR=1.91, P＜0.001) in Gansu, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Shaanxi, Sichuan and other central and western regions. Conclusions:The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer in China have decreased since 2010. The disease burden of esophageal cancer has obvious spatial differences, and measures should be taken according to local conditions in high-risk cluster areas such as the Huaihe River basin.

Objective:To detect the expression of angiogenic factor (AGGF1) with G-patch and FHA domain 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to investigate its relationship with HCC angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis and its clinical significance.Methods:A total of 90 primary HCC patients were selected from the Huangshi Central Hospital and Hubei Province Cancer Hospital from January 2019 to September 2020. Clinicopathological data of all patients were collected. The expression of AGGF1 and CD34 in cancer tissues of 90 HCC patients was detected by immunohistochemistry, and microvascular density (MVD) was calculated. The patients were followed up for three years. The relationship between AGGF1 and serum angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) content, MVD, clinicopathological parameters and postoperative prognosis was analyzed.Results:The positive rate, relative expression level and MVD value of AGGF1 in HCC tissues were significantly higher than those in adjacent tissues (all P<0.05). The relative expression of AGGF1 in cancer tissues was positively correlated with the MVD value ( r=0.716). Serum Ang-2 content and MVD in AGGF1-positive patients were significantly higher than those in AgGF1-negative patients (all P<0.01). AGGF1 expression in HCC tissues was significantly correlated with tumor differentiation, tumor size, (China Liver Cancer (CNLC) staging, lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion, and postoperative recurrence and metastasis (all P<0.01). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the 2- and 3-year survival rates of patients with high AGGF1 expression were significantly lower than those of patients with low AGGF1 expression (all P<0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that CNLC stage, lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion, AGGF1 expression, postoperative recurrence and metastasis were the influencing factors for postoperative survival of HCC patients (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The high expression of AGGF1 can promote the angiogenesis of HCC, and is significantly correlated with invasion and metastasis and poor prognosis, which can be a potential evaluation indicator of HCC clinical prognosis.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of high-frequency electric snare device under elec-tronic laryngoscope in the treatment of epiglottic cyst.Methods A total of 100 patients with definitely diag-nosed epiglottic cyst receiving outpatient operation treatment in the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medi-cal University from April 2021 to March 2023 were selected as the research subjects and included into the ob-servation group and control group according to the visiting order,50 cases in each group.The observation group was treated with high-frequency electric snare for epiglottic cyst resection under electronic laryngo-scope,and the control group was treated with laryngeal tissue forceps under electronic laryngoscope for uncov-ering operation of epiglottic cyst.The operation time,intraoperative blood loss volume,pain degree within postoperative 24 h,pain duration,complete resection rate and recurrence rate in postoperative 3 months were compared between the two operation methods.Results The operation time,intraoperative blood loss volume,VAS score within postoperative 24 h and pain duration in the observation group were significantly less than those in the control group,the complete resection rate was significantly higher than that in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).The two groups were followed up for 3 months. Only 2 cases in the control group relapsed,which were epiglottic multiple cyst,and the recurrence rate had no statistical difference between the two groups (P>0.05).No dyspnea,massive bleeding and epiglottic adhesion appeared.Conclusion The high-frequency electric snare device under electronic laryngoscope for treating epi-glottic cyst has the advantages of short operation time,less blood loss,postoperative light pain and high com-plete resection rate.

Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are the main therapy for epilepsy.There are many kinds of ASMs with complex mechanism of action, so it is difficult for pharmacists to examine prescriptions.This paper put forward some suggestions on the indications, dosage forms/routes of administration, appropriateness of usage and dosage, combined medication and drug interaction, long-term prescription review, individual differences in pathophysiology of children, and drug selection when complicated with common epilepsy, for the reference of doctors and pharmacists.