ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility of constructing a programmed death receptor-1（PD-1） molecular probe for non-invasive micro-positron emission tomography/computed tomography （Micro-PET/CT） imaging of PD-1 protein in mouse S180 sarcoma. MethodsA transgenic PD-1 C57 S180 sarcoma mouse model was established using the S180 sarcoma cell injection. Furthermore， ¹²⁴I-anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody probe was synthesized. 18.5 MBq of the ¹²⁴I-anti-PD-1 probe was injected into the tail vein of transgenic PD-1 C57 mice. Subsequently， S180 sarcoma was imaged using Micro-PET/CT. ResultsStudy successfully established a transgenic PD-1 C57 S180 sarcoma mouse model. Immunohistochemical （IHC） results showed PD-1 protein expression in S180 sarcoma. Micro-PET/CT imaging successfully visualized the PD-1 protein receptor in S180 sarcoma at different time points （20， 48， 72， and 120 h） after probe injection. ConclusionThe ¹²⁴I-anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody molecular probe successfully targets the PD-1 receptor in S180 sarcoma of transgenic PD-1 C57 mice， and presents clear Micro-PET/CT immunoassay results， thus it potentially enables the non-invasive screening of patients with PD-1 positive malignant tumors.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hospital-associated infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs)among the burn wound patients so as to provide bases for taking tar-geted control measures.METHODS A systematic search was conducted in the worldwide database for nosocomial outbreaks,PubMed and CNKI databases so as to summarize and analyze the data regarding to outbreaks of MDROs hospital-associated infections among burn wound patients.RESULTS A total of 61 incidents of MDROs hospital-associated infections outbreaks among the burn wound patients were included,involving 2 293 patients from 21 countries and regions,50(81.97％)of which were reported for the infection sites or colonization sites in-volving burn wound,12(19.67％)involving the respiratory tract,10(16.39％)involving the bloodstream infec-tions.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(28 incidents,45.90％)was dominant among the pathogens causing the infections,followed by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(17 incidents,27.87％)and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aureus(9 incidents,14.75％).52 incidents(82.25％)of outbreaks were reported the contact as the major transmission mode.The suspected sources of the outbreaks included the patients(37 incidents,28.46％),health care workers(30 incidents,23.08％),ward environments(28 incidents,21.54％),medical equipments(19 incidents,30.56％),drainage systems(6 incidents,4.62％).The major pre-vention and control measures included environmental cleaning and disinfection,screening of colonization in patients and health care workers,isolation of patients with infections and hand hygiene;8 incidents were taken the measure of closing the ward.CONCLUSIONS The outbreaks of MDROs infections in the burn wound patients are mostly associated with the high frequently contact environments,medical equipments and hand hygiene of health care workers.In view of the peculiarities of the burn wound patients,it is feasible to take the targeted measures based on the summarized prevention and control combinations for MDROs so as to prevent the outbreak of hospital-asso-ciated infections.

Objective:To analyze the trend of infertility disease burden from 1990 to 2019 and predict the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) rate of male and female infertility for 2020—2029, providing a certain reference for the prevention and treatment of infertility diseases.Methods:Based on the Global Burden of Disease 2019, prevalence, ASPR, DALY rate, and age-standardized DALY rate were used to evaluate the global burden of infertility comprehensively. The estimated annual percentage change was used to describe trends in the disease burden of infertility in 21 regions worldwide. The Bayesian age period cohort model was used to predict the ASPR and age-standardized DALY rate for male and female infertility in 204 countries and regions from 2020 to 2029. Sensitivity analysis was performed using the autoregressive integrated moving average model.Results:The prevalence, DALY rate, ASPR and age-standardized DALY rate of global male infertility increased from 319.52 per 100 000,1.82 per 100 000, 2 856.53 per 100 000, and 16.19 per 100 000 in 1990 to 565.30 per 100 000, 3.22 per 100 000, 3 398.53 per 100 000, and 19.36 per 100 000 in 2019, respectively. The prevalence, DALY rate, ASPR, and age-standardized DALY rate of global female infertility increased from 656.67 per 100 000, 3.53 per 100 000, 6 036.36 per 100 000, and 32.27 per 100 000 in 1990 to 1 223.78 per 100 000, 6.59 per 10 000, 7 483.12 per 100 000, and 40.33 per 100 000 in 2019, respectively. The burden of infertility disease was the highest in men and women aged 30-34 years, and the ASPR and age-standardized DALY rates were 4 407.47 per 100 000, 25.08 per 100 000, 10 270.55 per 100 000 and 55.65 per 100 000, respectively. Only in 45-49 years of age, the prevalence of infertility (11.31 per 100 000) and DALY rate (0.06 per 100 000) in women were lower than those in men (15.68 per 100 000 and 0.08 per 100 000). In addition, the burden of infertility was the lowest in high socio-demographic index regions. Cameroon had the highest ASPR (7 652.40 per 100 000) and age-standardized DALY rate (43.94 per 100 000) for male infertility. Chinese women had the highest ASPR (20 402.30 per 100 000) and age-standardized DALY rate (106.16 per 100 000) of infertility. The forecast results show that the burden of male and female infertility diseases will increase in 204 countries and regions from 2020 to 2029.Conclusion:The burden of infertility diseases in men and women increased in 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2019, and it is predicted that the global burden of infertility diseases will continue to rise in 2020—2029. Preliminary screening of infertility should be carried out as soon as possible, health education should be strengthened and effective prevention and treatment strategies should be formulated.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hospital-associated infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs)among the burn wound patients so as to provide bases for taking tar-geted control measures.METHODS A systematic search was conducted in the worldwide database for nosocomial outbreaks,PubMed and CNKI databases so as to summarize and analyze the data regarding to outbreaks of MDROs hospital-associated infections among burn wound patients.RESULTS A total of 61 incidents of MDROs hospital-associated infections outbreaks among the burn wound patients were included,involving 2 293 patients from 21 countries and regions,50(81.97％)of which were reported for the infection sites or colonization sites in-volving burn wound,12(19.67％)involving the respiratory tract,10(16.39％)involving the bloodstream infec-tions.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(28 incidents,45.90％)was dominant among the pathogens causing the infections,followed by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(17 incidents,27.87％)and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aureus(9 incidents,14.75％).52 incidents(82.25％)of outbreaks were reported the contact as the major transmission mode.The suspected sources of the outbreaks included the patients(37 incidents,28.46％),health care workers(30 incidents,23.08％),ward environments(28 incidents,21.54％),medical equipments(19 incidents,30.56％),drainage systems(6 incidents,4.62％).The major pre-vention and control measures included environmental cleaning and disinfection,screening of colonization in patients and health care workers,isolation of patients with infections and hand hygiene;8 incidents were taken the measure of closing the ward.CONCLUSIONS The outbreaks of MDROs infections in the burn wound patients are mostly associated with the high frequently contact environments,medical equipments and hand hygiene of health care workers.In view of the peculiarities of the burn wound patients,it is feasible to take the targeted measures based on the summarized prevention and control combinations for MDROs so as to prevent the outbreak of hospital-asso-ciated infections.

Objective:To analyze the dynamic plantar pressure distribution of persons with chronic plantar fasciitis (PF).Methods:Twenty persons with unilateral, chronic PF were recruited as the PF group, while twenty-three healthy counterparts were recruited as the control group. A foot-pressure measurement system was used to collect data describing the plantar pressure for each subject with or without PF while walking. The pressure data included the load of peak plantar pressure (PP), the mean plantar pressure (MP), the total foot ground contact area (TCA), and the load percentage and the foot ground contact area beneath the medial heel (MH), the lateral heel (LH), the medial longitudinal arch (MLA), the lateral longitudinal arch (LLA), the first metatarsal head (M1), the second to third metatarsal heads (M2-3), the fourth to fifth metatarsal heads (M4-5), the hallux (T1), and toes two to five (T2-5).Results:In the PF group, significant differences were observed during walking between the affected and unaffected feet in terms of PP [(2.41±0.44)kg/cm 2 versus (3.02±0.63)kg/cm 2]. Both were significantly greater than among the control group. Asymmetry in the load distribution was identified beneath the MH, M2-3, M1, MLA, M4-5 and T2-5 among the chronic PF group. There were also significant differences between the affected foot of the chronic PF group and the non-dominant foot of the control group with regard to the load percentage beneath the LH, M4-5, T2-5, M2-3 and T1. The load percentage under the LH was significantly higher under the unaffected foot of the PF group than under the dominant foot of the control group. In terms of ground contact area, the T2-5 area of the affected foot of the PF group was significantly smaller than that of the unaffected foot, as well as compared to the non-dominant foot of the control group. The TCA of both feet among the PF group was significantly smaller than under the corresponding feet of the control group. Conclusions:Patients with chronic plantar fasciitis apply plantar pressure asymmetrically during walking. They tend to shift their weight laterally onto the asymptomatic foot. During walking, those with PF apply higher plantar pressure over a smaller ground contact area.

In the context of aging population, the issue of polypharmacy among elderly patients with mental disorders has become increasingly prominent.Cognitive decline and depressive symptoms render these patients more vulnerable to medication-related risks, while poorly managed physical illnesses further complicate their treatment.To address these challenges, this paper proposes a series of management strategies that emphasize the critical role of pharmacists in conducting medication reviews.A comprehensive assessment of drug risks, benefits, and patient adherence is essential.The proposed strategies not only require careful consideration of patients' clinical needs and individual preferences but also highlight the importance of multidisciplinary team collaboration to reach a consensus on medication therapy.The use of clinical decision support systems as an auxiliary tool is recommended to enhance the scientific rigor of medication decision-making.Furthermore, pharmacists can optimize medication regimens through scientifically validated methods and promote patient or family involvement in self-management to improve acceptance and adherence to treatment adjustments.

Objective:To investigate the longitudinal stability of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the Activity of Daily Living Scale (ADL).Methods:The longitudinal cognitive assessment results of 68 dementia patients admitted to the Dementia and Leukoencephalopathy Outpatient Clinic, Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, from January 2021 to January 2024, were retrospectively analyzed, including the total and sub-items scores of the MMSE, MoCA, and ADL. Two different rules were applied to analyze the abnormality rates: rule 1, where the current test result being better than the previous one was considered an abnormality; rule 2, where the current test result being better than the previous average score was considered an abnormality (If a patient had only 2 cognitive assessments, rule 2 was considered the same as rule 1). Two rules were used to analyze the abnormality rates of the scales. The statistical analyses were repeated after excluding patients with possible anxiety and depression status.Results:In assessing the total score stability, MMSE showed the lowest abnormality rates [27.2% (31/114) under rule 1 and 29.8% (34/114) under rule 2], while MoCA had the highest abnormality rates [41.3% (26/63) and 46.0% (29/63), respectively]. The ADL abnormality rates were 27.7% (23/83) and 33.7% (28/83), respectively. Among MoCA sub-items, category cue, multiple choice cue, second memory trial, orientation, and clock showed higher abnormality rates [31.7%(20/63), 30.2%(19/63), 23.8%(15/63), 22.2%(14/63), 22.2%(14/63), respectively]. After excluding population with possible anxiety and depression status, the relative abnormality rates of MMSE and ADL sub-items did not significantly change, while the abnormality rate of orientation in MoCA sub-items decreased relatively.Conclusion:The MMSE and ADL exhibit good stability in long-term monitoring of dementia patients, serving as essential tools for assessing and following up cognitive changes.

Background: Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are the major pathogens associated with respiratory infections which can result in extensive pathological damage in lungs and serious complications. Isorhamnetin, an abundant natural flavonoid in fruits and medicinal plants, has recently been shown to have strong antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects. Objective: This study investigated the pharmacological effects of isorhamnetin on viral pneumonia and explored the underlying mechanisms by in vivo and in vitro experiments. Materials and methods: In the present study, the protective effect of isorhamnetin against IAV was evaluated by the cytopathogenic effect assay, cell counting kit-8 assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence assay in vitro. Then the pathological damage associated with pneumonia was examined by calculating the pulmonary index and performing micro-CT and hematoxylin-eosin staining in vivo. Thereafter, the related protein or gene levels of factors in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathways were determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Results: Isorhamnetin exerted significant anti-influenza effects and inhibited the expression of viral RNA in A549 cells, counteracting oxidative stress and apoptosis by suppressing the production of reactive oxygen species and caspase-3. The in vivo experiment results showed that isorhamnetin (20 and 40 mg/kg) caused a significant decrease in the pulmonary index, ameliorated pathological damage in the lung tissue, decreased viral load and NA activity, and reduced cytokines and nuclear factors. Furthermore, isorhamnetin could counteract the B cell lymphoma-2/B cell lymphoma-2–associated X protein (Bax) imbalance induced by PR8, suppress activation of the MAPK pathway, and upregulate the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. Conclusions: Isorhamnetin can protect against viral pneumonia by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and suppressing the MAPK path-way. This study deciphers the pharmacological mechanism of isorhamnetin in alleviating pathological damage in viral pneumonia and provides rationale for the application of isorhamnetin in influenza treatment.

Background: Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are the major pathogens associated with respiratory infections which can result in extensive pathological damage in lungs and serious complications. Isorhamnetin, an abundant natural flavonoid in fruits and medicinal plants, has recently been shown to have strong antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects. Objective: This study investigated the pharmacological effects of isorhamnetin on viral pneumonia and explored the underlying mechanisms by in vivo and in vitro experiments. Materials and methods: In the present study, the protective effect of isorhamnetin against IAV was evaluated by the cytopathogenic effect assay, cell counting kit-8 assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence assay in vitro. Then the pathological damage associated with pneumonia was examined by calculating the pulmonary index and performing micro-CT and hematoxylin-eosin staining in vivo. Thereafter, the related protein or gene levels of factors in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathways were determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Results: Isorhamnetin exerted significant anti-influenza effects and inhibited the expression of viral RNA in A549 cells, counteracting oxidative stress and apoptosis by suppressing the production of reactive oxygen species and caspase-3. The in vivo experiment results showed that isorhamnetin (20 and 40 mg/kg) caused a significant decrease in the pulmonary index, ameliorated pathological damage in the lung tissue, decreased viral load and NA activity, and reduced cytokines and nuclear factors. Furthermore, isorhamnetin could counteract the B cell lymphoma-2/B cell lymphoma-2–associated X protein (Bax) imbalance induced by PR8, suppress activation of the MAPK pathway, and upregulate the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. Conclusions: Isorhamnetin can protect against viral pneumonia by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and suppressing the MAPK path-way. This study deciphers the pharmacological mechanism of isorhamnetin in alleviating pathological damage in viral pneumonia and provides rationale for the application of isorhamnetin in influenza treatment.

Background: Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are the major pathogens associated with respiratory infections which can result in extensive pathological damage in lungs and serious complications. Isorhamnetin, an abundant natural flavonoid in fruits and medicinal plants, has recently been shown to have strong antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects. Objective: This study investigated the pharmacological effects of isorhamnetin on viral pneumonia and explored the underlying mechanisms by in vivo and in vitro experiments. Materials and methods: In the present study, the protective effect of isorhamnetin against IAV was evaluated by the cytopathogenic effect assay, cell counting kit-8 assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence assay in vitro. Then the pathological damage associated with pneumonia was examined by calculating the pulmonary index and performing micro-CT and hematoxylin-eosin staining in vivo. Thereafter, the related protein or gene levels of factors in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathways were determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Results: Isorhamnetin exerted significant anti-influenza effects and inhibited the expression of viral RNA in A549 cells, counteracting oxidative stress and apoptosis by suppressing the production of reactive oxygen species and caspase-3. The in vivo experiment results showed that isorhamnetin (20 and 40 mg/kg) caused a significant decrease in the pulmonary index, ameliorated pathological damage in the lung tissue, decreased viral load and NA activity, and reduced cytokines and nuclear factors. Furthermore, isorhamnetin could counteract the B cell lymphoma-2/B cell lymphoma-2–associated X protein (Bax) imbalance induced by PR8, suppress activation of the MAPK pathway, and upregulate the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. Conclusions: Isorhamnetin can protect against viral pneumonia by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and suppressing the MAPK path-way. This study deciphers the pharmacological mechanism of isorhamnetin in alleviating pathological damage in viral pneumonia and provides rationale for the application of isorhamnetin in influenza treatment.