Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic and endocrine disorder. Long-term hyperglycemia can lead to severe chronic complications, imposing substantial economic burdens on both society and patients. Despite the availability of various hypoglycemic agents for clinical use, these agents often fail to meet the therapeutic needs of T2DM and its complications. Consequently, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies and drugs. Lithocarpus litseifolius(L. litseifolius), commonly referred to as "cordyceps on trees", has a long history of use in traditional medicine and can be applied in tea, sugar, and medicine. Research indicates that L. litseifolius extracts are rich in dihydrochalcones, including trilobatin, phloridzin, and phloretin, which exhibit a range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective effects. These properties suggest potential applications in the treatment of T2DM and its complications. This review systematically compiled and organized the relevant literature from the past decade on dihydrochalcones(trilobatin, phloridzin, and phloretin) from L. litseifolius extracts. It highlighted recent research progress regarding their role in treating T2DM and its complications through mechanisms such as reducing insulin resistance, regulating glucose transport, improving glucose and lipid metabolism, modulating enzyme activity, regulating gut microbiota, and alleviating inflammation and oxidative damage. The purpose of this review is to provide a reference and basis for future research on the prevention and treatment of T2DM and its complications using dihydrochalcones(trilobatin, phloridzin, and phloretin) from L. litseifolius extracts.
Chalcones/chemistry* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism* ; Humans ; Animals ; Elaeocarpaceae/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry* ; Plant Extracts/chemistry*

This paper aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of action of the Yiqi Fumai Formula(YQFM), a kind of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), on mice with experimental heart failure based on the "heart-gut axis" theory. Based on the network pharmacology integrated with the group collaboration algorithm, the active ingredients were screened, a "component-target-disease" network was constructed, and the potential pathways regulated by the formula were predicted and analyzed. Next, the model of experimental heart failure was established by intraperitoneal injection of adriamycin at a single high dose(15 mg·kg~(-1)) in BALB/c mice. After intraperitoneal injection of YQFM(lyophilized) at 7.90, 15.80, and 31.55 mg·d~(-1) for 7 d, the protective effects of the formula on cardiac function were evaluated using indicators such as ultrasonic electrocardiography and myocardial injury markers. Combined with inflammatory factors in the cardiac and colorectal tissue, as well as targeted assays, the relevant indicators of potential pathways were verified. Meanwhile, 16S rDNA sequencing was performed on mouse fecal samples using the Illumina platform to detect changes in gut flora and analyze differential metabolic pathways. The results show that the administration of injectable YQFM(lyophilized) for 7 d significantly increased the left ventricular end-systolic internal diameter, fractional shortening, and ejection fraction of cardiac tissue of mice with experimental heart failure(P<0.05). Moreover, markers of myocardial injury were significantly decreased(P<0.05), indicating improved cardiac function, along with significantly suppressed inflammatory responses in cardiac and intestinal tissue(P<0.05). Additionally, the species of causative organisms was decreased, and the homeostasis of gut flora was improved, involving a modulatory effect on PI3K-Akt signaling pathway-related inflammation in cardiac and colorectal tissue. In conclusion, YQFM can affect the "heart-gut axis" immunity through the homeostasis of the gut flora, thereby exerting a therapeutic effect on heart failure. This finding provides a reference for the combination of TCM and western medicine to prevent and treat heart failure based on the "heart-gut axis" theory.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Heart Failure/microbiology* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Male ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects* ; Heart/physiopathology* ; Humans ; Signal Transduction/drug effects*

Dental treatments for children and adolescents have unique clinical characteristics that differ from dental care for adults in terms of children's physiology, psychology, and behavior. These differences impose specific requirements on the application of local anesthesia in pediatric dental procedures. This article presents expert consensus on the principles of local anesthesia techniques in pediatric dental therapies, including the use of common anesthetic drugs and dosage control, safety and efficacy evaluation, and prevention and management of complications. The aim is to improve the safety and quality of pediatric dental treatments and offer guidance for clinical application by dentists.
Humans ; Child ; Anesthesia, Local/methods* ; Consensus ; Anesthesia, Dental/methods* ; Adolescent ; Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage* ; Dental Care for Children

Objective:To understand the effect of vitamin B1 on lymphocyte function in simulated microgravity.Methods:Splenocytes of mice were isolated,and the rotatary cell culture system was used to simulate microgravity.Lymphocytes were stimulated with mitotic agents Concanavalin A,and cells were treated with different concentrations of vitamin B1,proliferation indexes of lympho-cytes and levels of cytokines in supernatant were detected.Results:Simulated microgravity could inhibit proliferation of splenic lym-phocytes,and decrease levels of cytokines,while vitamin B1 could promote lymphocyte proliferation and cytokines production in cells cultured in simulated microgravity in a dose dependent manner.Conclusion:Vitamin B1 may attenuate the inhibitory effect of simulated microgravity on lymphocytes by regulating cell proliferation and secretion of cytokines.

Objective:To understand the effect of collagen peptides on the function of mouse lymphocytes under simulated microgravity.Methods:The splenocytes of mice were isolated,and the rotary cell culture system was used to simulate the microgravity.The T lymphocytes were stimulated with mitotic agents,concanavalin A(ConA),and the cells were treated with different concentrations of collagen peptides.The proliferation of lymphocytes and the levels of cytokines in the supernatant were detected.Results:Simulated microgravity could inhibit the proliferation of spleen T lymphocytes and decrease the level of cytokines in the supernatant.Collagen peptides could promote the lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production in cells cultured under simulated microgravity.Conclusion:Collagen peptides may attenuate the inhibitory effect of simulated microgravity on T lymphocytes by regulating the cell proliferation and the secretion of cytokines.

Objective:To investigate the impact of exogenous lactate on the replication of dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) in Raw264.7 cells, mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and THP-1 cells and explore its association with cell activation.Methods:BMDMs from BALB/c mouse bone marrow were prepared and evaluated by flow cytometry to detect the proportion of F4/80 + CD11b + cells. Glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1), hexokinase 2 (HK2), and monocarboxylate transporters 4 (MCT4) expression at mRNA level in BMDMs at different time points after DENV-2 infection were measured by qRT-PCR. The content of lactate in the culture supernatants was quantified via colorimetric assay. CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate the impacts of different concentrations of lactate on the viability of Raw264.7 cells, BMDMs, and THP-1 cells. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of DENV-2 E gene, TGF-β, CD86, retinoic acid-inducible gene Ⅰ (RIG-Ⅰ), IFN-β, interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), and ISG56 at mRNA level in cells infected with DENV-2 at different MOIs in the presence of different concentrations of lactate. Meanwhile, flow cytometry was used to analyze the expression of CD86 and CD206. Results:The percentage of BMDMs was (87.53±1.66)%. GLUT1 expression at mRNA level exhibited a decrease in BMDMs at 24 h after DENV-2 (MOI=3) infection following a transient increase at 12 h ( P<0.05), while HK2 expression at mRNA level was higher that than in blank control and inactivated DENV-2 infection groups at 12, 24, and 36 h ( P<0.01). Besides, there was an increase in both MCT4 mRNA level and the content of lactate in culture supernatants at 24 h after DENV-2 (MOI=1.5) infection ( P<0.05). The viability of the three types of cells remained above 80% when the concentration of lactate was 31.25 mmol/L. Lactate at the concentration of 35 mmol/L increased the expression of the DENV E gene at mRNA level in DENV-2-infected BMDMs at MOI=1 or MOI=2 ( P<0.05). Besides, it promoted the expression of DENV E gene at mRNA level in Raw264.7 and THP-1 cells ( P<0.001) as well as the expression of CD163, TGF-β, RIG-Ⅰ, IFN-β, ISG15 and ISG56 at mRNA level in BMDMs at MOI=1.5, but inhibited the expression of CD86 at mRNA level in BMDMs ( P<0.05). It also up-regulated CD206 protein expression ( P<0.01) and down-regulated CD86 protein expression ( P>0.05) in BMDMs. Conclusions:Exogenous lactate enhances DENV-2 replication in both human- and murine-derived macrophages and that might correlate with M2 macrophage polarization.

Objective To establish an evaluation system of pathogen detection rate of hospitalized patients before antimicrobial treatment based on process and outcome indicators,and study its application effect.Methods Hospi-talized patients with therapeutic antimicrobial treatment in a tertiary first-class hospital from July 2022 to June 2023 were selected as the study objects.Difference in process and outcome indicators were compared between before(Ju-ly-December 2022,control group)and after(January-June 2023,intervention group)the implementation of inter-vention in the evaluation system for pathogen detection rate of hospitalized patients before antimicrobial treatment.Results 41 577 and 27 052 hospitalized patients received therapeutic antimicrobial agents were included in the inter-vention group and control group,respectively.Pathogen detection rate and the accurate pathogen detection rate in the intervention group were both higher than those in the control group(74.2％vs 62.8％and 90.3％vs 82.5％,respectively),both with statistically significant differences(both P＜0.001).The goal achievement rate and im-provement rate for pathogen detection rate were 237.5％and 18.2％respectively,the goal achievement rate and im-provement rate for accurate pathogen detection rate were 104.0％and 9.5％respectively.For the process indica-tors,the conformity rate of detection and diagnosis,accurate collection rate,timely transfer rate,acceptance rate of pathogen specimens in the intervention group were all higher than those in the control group,differences were all statistically significant(all P＜0.001).For the outcome indicators,detection rates of targeted indicators and blood culture specimens,pathogen detection rate before treatment of restricted and special grade antimicrobial agent,as well as detection rate of sterile body fluid specimens in the intervention group were all higher than those in the con-trol group,with statistical significance(all P＜0.05).In addition,the positive rate of blood culture specimens in-creased from 18.5％before intervention to 21.7％after intervention,with statistically significant difference(P＜0.05).Conclusion The establishment of indicator evaluation system can improve the detection rate and accurate detection rate of pathogens before antimicrobial treatment,as well as the management quality and connotation of indicators.

Ichthyosis is a hereditary dyskeratotic skin disease with systemic skin dryness and roughness,mainly manifested by scaly skin,which may be accompanied by ocular abnormalities.At present,there are many studies on skin fungal infection caused by ichthyosis,but only few reports on cases with combined ocular fungal infection.This paper reports a case of X-linked recessive hereditary ichthyosis with recurrent fungal keratitis(FK),which is expec-ted to provide reference for clinical early diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Curettage is the main treatment method for oral maxillofacial cystic lesions,but simple curettage may easily damage surrounding structures such as adjacent teeth and nerves,leading to incomplete removal of the cyst and large jaw defects.The curettage assisted by endoscopy can provide a good surgical field for the surgeons,can clearly identify the important anatomical structure during the operation and can remove the cyst wall tissue as much as possible,thereby reducing the damage and reducing the recurrence rate of the lesion.This article combines the characteristics of maxillofacial surgery with clinical treatment experience,summarizes relevant literature from both domestic and international sources,and engages in discussions with experts in order to provide reference for the clinical treatment of jaw cystic lesions with endo-scope assisted curettage.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Wuziyuye Decoction in the treatment of type-II diabetes mellitus (DM) with qi-yin deficiency complicated by asthenospermia. METHODS: We selected 100 cases of type-II DM with qi-yin deficiency complicated by asthenospermia treated in the First Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University from January 2023 to March 2024, and randomly assigned them to receive Wuziyuye Decoction (the trial group, n = 50) and oral L-carnitine solution (the control group, n = 50) in addition to Western medicine to reduce fasting blood glucose to normal in both groups. After 12 weeks of medication, we followed up the patients for 24 weeks, obtained their semen parameters, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome scores and levels of reproductive hormones, and the clinical pregnancy outcomes of their partners, followed by comparison of the data collected between the two groups before and after treatment. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of treatment, the trial group showed significant improvement over the baseline in the percentage of progressive motility (PR%) (［35.5±6.1］% vs ［18.0±4.2］%, P<0.05), sperm concentration (［54.0±33.4］ vs ［40.0±36.1］ × 10⁶/ml, P<0.05), and TCM syndrome score (4.5±2.3 vs 18.5±5.2, P<0.05), but no statistically significant difference in the semen volume (［2.85±0.36］ vs ［2.84±0.59］ ml, P>0.05), while the controls exhibited markedly improved percentage of PR% (［29.5±6.2］% vs ［18.5±4.5］%, P<0.05) and sperm concentration (［45.0±34.1］ vs ［42.0±38.3］ × 10⁶/ml, P<0.05), but no statistically significant difference in the semen volume (［3.04±0.89］ vs ［2.90±0.78］ ml, P>0.05) and TCM syndrome score (17.2±4.5 vs 17.8±4.8, P>0.05). The patients treated with Wuziyuye Decoction achieved even more significant improvement than the controls in the percentage of PR%, sperm concentration and TCM syndrome score (P<0.05), but there were no statistically significant differences in the reproductive hormone levels and clinical pregnancy outcomes between the two groups of patients after treatment (P>0.05). And no severe adverse reactions were observed in either group. CONCLUSION Wuziyuye Decoction is safe and effective for the treatment of type-II DM with qi-yin deficiency complicated by asthenospermia by improving the sperm motility and concentration of the patient.
Humans ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Male ; Asthenozoospermia/complications* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy* ; Yin Deficiency/complications* ; Adult ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Sperm Motility ; Qi ; Female ; Pregnancy