At present, acute brain injuries such as stroke and traumatic brain injury have become a serious burden on public health due to relatively limited treatment methods. As an emerging three-dimensional cell culture model, cerebral organoid can well redisplay the cellular diversity, tissue structure and functional characteristics of the human brain, providing an ideal platform for disease modeling, drug development and regenerative medicine research of acute brain injury. However, the construction and application of cerebral organoid are still in the exploratory stage at present, facing major technical bottlenecks such as insufficient vascularization, lack of immune microenvironment and tissue heterogeneity. This review summarizes the cultivation technique of cerebral organoid, highlights its application in acute brain injury, and analyzes its current technical bottleneck, so as to provide more reference basis for the development and application of this technology.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)is a major subtype of stroke,characterized by high mortality and disability rates.Pyroptosis,a form of programmed cell death,has been identified as a key pathological process in early brain injury.Current research indicates that pyroptosis can occur in neurons,microglia,astrocytes,and cerebral vascular endothelial cells after SAH,leading to neurological dysfunction,brain edema,and disruption of the blood-brain barrier.The NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome is regarded as a central regulatory component of pyroptosis,and its activation mechanisms and roles in various cell types have become focal points of research.A variety of therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway have emerged,including NLRP3 inhibitors,Caspase-1 inhibitors,and Gasdermin-D inhibitors.The aforemenetioned approaches all have demonstrated efficacy in animal studies.Additionally,novel technologies such as stem cell therapy,exosome therapy,and gas therapy offer novel intervention approaches for modulating pyroptosis.Although,various therapeutic strategies targeting pyroptosis-related pathways have emerged in recent years,a comprehensive summary remains absent.This article reviewed the advancements in pyroptosis research following SAH and associated treatment strategies,aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for subsequent mechanistic studies and clinical translation.

Cavernous segment carotid artery aneurysms typically present with an indolent course,but when located at the posterior knee and penetrating the"vulnerable areas"of the vessel wall or the fibrous ring of the dura mater,they are prone to causing subarachnoid hemorrhage.This study reported a case of a 52-year-old female patient who presented with sudden severe headache and right ptosis.Imaging revealed a multilobular aneurysm located at the posterior knee of the right cavernous segment,measuring 14.71mm×7.80 mm×15.13 mm,with a girdle sign and thinning of the sphenoid sinus bone,suggesting the aneurysm had crossed the dural fibrous ring into the subarachnoid space.The patient underwent emergency external ventricular drainage and stent-assisted coil embolization.Contrast medium extravasation was observed during angiography,and a flow-diverting stent was immediately placed.Postoperative angiography showed complete occlusion of the aneurysm.The patient's death on the sixth day after the operation may have resulted from cerebral ischemia caused by vasospasm.This case highlights that cavernous segment carotid aneurysms with"girdle sign",lateral"vulnerable area"protrusion,and sphenoid sinus bone defect are lesions with markedly high risks,that require early comprehensive intervention.

Cavernous segment carotid artery aneurysms typically present with an indolent course,but when located at the posterior knee and penetrating the"vulnerable areas"of the vessel wall or the fibrous ring of the dura mater,they are prone to causing subarachnoid hemorrhage.This study reported a case of a 52-year-old female patient who presented with sudden severe headache and right ptosis.Imaging revealed a multilobular aneurysm located at the posterior knee of the right cavernous segment,measuring 14.71mm×7.80 mm×15.13 mm,with a girdle sign and thinning of the sphenoid sinus bone,suggesting the aneurysm had crossed the dural fibrous ring into the subarachnoid space.The patient underwent emergency external ventricular drainage and stent-assisted coil embolization.Contrast medium extravasation was observed during angiography,and a flow-diverting stent was immediately placed.Postoperative angiography showed complete occlusion of the aneurysm.The patient's death on the sixth day after the operation may have resulted from cerebral ischemia caused by vasospasm.This case highlights that cavernous segment carotid aneurysms with"girdle sign",lateral"vulnerable area"protrusion,and sphenoid sinus bone defect are lesions with markedly high risks,that require early comprehensive intervention.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)is a major subtype of stroke,characterized by high mortality and disability rates.Pyroptosis,a form of programmed cell death,has been identified as a key pathological process in early brain injury.Current research indicates that pyroptosis can occur in neurons,microglia,astrocytes,and cerebral vascular endothelial cells after SAH,leading to neurological dysfunction,brain edema,and disruption of the blood-brain barrier.The NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome is regarded as a central regulatory component of pyroptosis,and its activation mechanisms and roles in various cell types have become focal points of research.A variety of therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway have emerged,including NLRP3 inhibitors,Caspase-1 inhibitors,and Gasdermin-D inhibitors.The aforemenetioned approaches all have demonstrated efficacy in animal studies.Additionally,novel technologies such as stem cell therapy,exosome therapy,and gas therapy offer novel intervention approaches for modulating pyroptosis.Although,various therapeutic strategies targeting pyroptosis-related pathways have emerged in recent years,a comprehensive summary remains absent.This article reviewed the advancements in pyroptosis research following SAH and associated treatment strategies,aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for subsequent mechanistic studies and clinical translation.

At present, acute brain injuries such as stroke and traumatic brain injury have become a serious burden on public health due to relatively limited treatment methods. As an emerging three-dimensional cell culture model, cerebral organoid can well redisplay the cellular diversity, tissue structure and functional characteristics of the human brain, providing an ideal platform for disease modeling, drug development and regenerative medicine research of acute brain injury. However, the construction and application of cerebral organoid are still in the exploratory stage at present, facing major technical bottlenecks such as insufficient vascularization, lack of immune microenvironment and tissue heterogeneity. This review summarizes the cultivation technique of cerebral organoid, highlights its application in acute brain injury, and analyzes its current technical bottleneck, so as to provide more reference basis for the development and application of this technology.

Objective:To estimate the frequencies of medical X-ray diagnositic examinations and analyze their distribution in Huai′an City.Methods:Stratified random sampling was used to select 2 tertiary hospitals including 1 general hospital and 1 MCH hospital, 4 secondary hospitals, 20 primary and unclassified hospitals to investigate medical X-ray examination frequencies in the 26 hospitals in 2017.Results:The average number of X-ray diagnostic equipment were 13.5 pieces in tertiary hospitals, 7.3 in second-level hospitals and 1.6 in primary and ungraded hospitals. The fraction of imported equipment accounted for 85.2%, 69.0% and 9.4%, respectively. The higher the hospital level, the greater the proportion of equipment with five years of service history. The number of examinations in 2017 in the 26 hospitals were X-ray photography 350 221, fluoroscopy 71 597, CT 327 404, dental 23 820 and breast 12 849, respectively. The number of examinations per 1 000 population were estimated to be 444.22 by conventional X-ray and 236.40 by CT.Conclusions:The frequency of conventional X-ray examinations in the city is slightly lower than the average level in Jiangsu province in 2016 and the CT examination frequency is roughly same as in Jiangsu province.

Clinically,arteriovenous malformations (AVM) is a common intracranial vascular disease.Traditional treatments for cerebral AVM include microsurgical resection,endovascular embolization and radiotherapy.However,there are some unusual AVM lesions that are difficult to be cured by traditional methods.Multiple case reports that have been published recently indicate that embolization therapy via transvenous approach is very effective for these unusual AVM lesions,especially for small hemorrhagic AVMs.These lesions often have single vein drainage and are located at deep cerebral function area.with their blood supply being from fine arteries.This paper aims to review the existing literature and to make a summary about the indications,method of operation,risks and prevention,etc.of embolization therapy via transvenous approach for cerebral AVM.

Cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a common cerebrovascular disease in clinical practice. Although the treatment of AVMs has been w idely studied, the prognosis of the patients does not get significantly improvement. The main therapeutic purpose of AVMs is to reduce the risk of bleeding. This article review s the risk of bleeding and treatment modalities of AVMs.

Objective To summarize the reasons of bleeding complications and the prevention methods in stenting for intracranial arterial stenosis.Methods The clinical data of 366 patients underwent stent-assistant angioplasty of intracranial artery stenosis from July 2006 to December 2011were analyzed retrospectively.Among them,14 patients with bleeding complications were found.The initial 100 patients were categorized as early stage group and the rest as mature stage group.The reasons of bleeding and the methods for preventing this complication were summarized.Results The overall incidence of bleeding complication was 3.8％ (14/366).In the early stage group and mature stage group,the rates was 10％(10/100) and 1.5％ (4/266).Six cases were related to the operational manipulation and 8 cases secondary to hyperperfusion injury.Death was found in 6 patients,severe disability in 3,mild paralysis in 2,and no neurological deficits in 3.Conclusions The bleeding complications in stent-assisted angioplasty of intracranial artery stenosis have a high disability and mortality.The improvement of operative techniques and the more strict indications decrease the bleeding complications rate effectively.