Animals ; Callithrix ; Sex Factors ; Vocalization, Animal ; Sex Characteristics

Female ; Humans ; Male ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics* ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics* ; Postmenopause ; Risk Factors ; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin/genetics* ; Testosterone

Humans ; Aortic Valve/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement ; Sex Factors ; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation ; Treatment Outcome ; China ; Aortic Valve Stenosis/surgery* ; Risk Factors ; Risk Assessment

Adolescent ; Humans ; Sex Factors ; Dissociative Disorders

For the first time, this study evaluated the gender differences and mechanisms of the antidepressant effects of raw Rehmanniae Radix(RRR) based on the classic depression model with traditional Chinese medicine syndrome of Yin deficiency and internal heat. The depression model with Yin deficiency and internal heat was established by the widely recognized and applied method of thyroxine induction of the classic depression model with Yin deficiency and internal heat(chronic unpredictable mild stress). Male and female mice were simultaneously treated with RRR. The study analyzed indicators of nourishing Yin and clearing heat, conventional antidepressant efficacy test indicators, and important biomolecules reflecting the pathogenesis and prevention and treatment mechanisms of depression, and conducted a correlation analysis of antidepressant efficacy, Yin-nourishing and heat-clearing efficacy, and biological mechanism in different genders, thereby comprehensively assessing the antidepressant effects of RRR on depression of Yin deficiency and internal heat, as well as its gender differences and mechanisms. RRR exhibited antidepressant effects in both male and female mouse models, and its antidepressant efficacy showed gender differences, with a superior effect observed in females. Moreover, the effects of RRR on enhancing or improving hippocampal neuronal pathology, nucleus-positive areas, postsynaptic dense area protein 95, and synaptophysin protein expression were more significant in females than in males. In addition, RRR significantly reversed the abnormal upregulation of nuclear factor(NF)-κB/cyclooxygenase 2(COX2)/NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3) pathway proteins in the hippocampus of both male and female mouse models. The antidepressant effects of RRR were more pronounced in depression female mice with Yin deficiency and internal heat syndrome, possibly due to the improvement of neuronal damage and enhancement of neuroplasticity. The antidepressant mechanisms of RRR for depression with Yin deficiency and internal heat syndrome may be associated with the downregulation of the NF-κB/COX2/NLRP3 pathway to reduce neuronal damage and enhance neuroplasticity.
Male ; Female ; Mice ; Animals ; Yin Deficiency ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein ; Sex Factors ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; NF-kappa B ; Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology*

Objective: To describe the distribution and trend of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults in the Yinzhou district from 2011 to 2020 and compare the incidence differences in different ages and genders. Methods: Using the retrospective cohort design, we collected all new cases diagnosed with RA between 2011 to 2020 from the Yinzhou Regional Health Information Platform (YRHIP). Poisson distribution was used to estimate RA's incidence density and 95%CI. Results: From 2011 to 2020, 1 280 012 permanent residents in Yinzhou district were included, of which 665 361 were female (51.98%). The total follow-up person-years were 7 198 513.61, and the median follow-up person-year was 5.41 years (P₂₅=3.50, P₇₅=8.32). During the study period, there were 2 350 new cases of RA, of which 1 460 were female (62.13%). The 10-year incidence density of the population was 32.65/100 000 person-years (95%CI: 31.34/100 000 person-years-33.99/100 000 person-years), that of females was 39.17/100 000 person-years (95%CI: 37.19/100 000 person-years-41.24/100 000 person-years), and that of the male was 25.64/100 000 person-years (95%CI: 23.98/100 000 person-years-27.38/100 000 person-years), the gender difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The incidence risk in all age groups above 30 years old was higher than that in the 18-29 years old group (P<0.001), and the incidence risk increased with age from 18-79 years old while decreased slightly with age ≥80 years old. The lowest incidence density was 15.30/100 000 person-years in 2013 (95%CI:12.62/100 000 person-years-18.38/100 000 person- years), and the highest was 56.70/100 000 person-years in 2016 (95%CI: 51.24/100 000 person- years - 62.58/100 000 person-years), with statistically significant differences among different years (P=0.004). Conclusions: From 2011 to 2020, the incidence density of RA in adults in Yinzhou district first increased, then decreased, and tended to stabilize. There were differences in incidence density in different years, ages, and genders.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/epidemiology* ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Factors ; Young Adult

Adult ; Age Factors ; China ; Famine ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Liver Diseases ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Sex Factors

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the vitamin D receptor gene ( VDR) with circulating lipids considering gender differences. METHODS: Of the Han Chinese adults recruited from a health examination center for inclusion in the study, the circulating lipids, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), and other parameters were measured. The VDR SNPs of Cdx2 (rs11568820), Fok1 (rs2228570), Apa1 (rs7975232), and Taq1 (rs731236) were genotyped with a qPCR test using blood DNA samples, and their associations with lipids were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: In the female participants ( n = 236 with dyslipidemia and 888 without dyslipidemia), multiple genotype models of Fok1 indicated a positive correlation of B (not A) alleles with LDLC level ( P < 0.05). In the male participants ( n = 299 with dyslipidemia and 564 without dyslipidemia), the recessive model of Cdx2 and the additive and recessive models of Fok1 differed ( P < 0.05) between the HDLC-classified subgroups, respectively, and Fok1 BB and Cdx2 TT presented interactions with 25OHD in the negative associations with HDLC ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In the Chinese Han adults included in the study, the Fok1 B-allele of VDR was associated with higher LDLC in females, and the Fok1 B-allele and the Cdx2 T-allele of VDR were associated with lower HDLC in males. The interaction of VD and Fok1 BB or Cdx2 TT in males synergistically decreased HDLC levels.
Adult ; Alleles ; Asians/genetics* ; China/ethnology* ; Dyslipidemias/genetics* ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics* ; Genotype ; Humans ; Lipids/blood* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics* ; Sex Factors ; Vitamin D/blood*

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in both genders worldwide. Gender differences in clinical presentation and treatment have been reported. Objective: This study aims to describe and compare the cardiovascular risk factors and management strategies for primary prevention among Filipinos. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was done on 2,082 patients at the Preventive Cardiology Clinic of a tertiary referral center in Quezon City, Philippines from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2017. Results: Seventy-two percent of the patients were females with a higher mean age compared to males (57.67 + 10.50 vs 55.66 + 11.82, p 0.002). There were more women who were unemployed (75.2 vs 45.9, p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of hypertension (68.6% vs 67.9%, p=0.542) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (19.8% vs 21.5%, p=0.437) in both genders. Beta blockers (24.1%), calcium channel blockers (22.9%) and angiotensin receptor blockers (22.1%) were the most commonly prescribed anti-hypertensive drugs. Biguanides were the most commonly prescribed glucose-lowering drug (11.3%). Compared to men, more women had dyslipidemia (51.8% vs 38.6%, p<0.001). Statins were more commonly prescribed in women (22.4 vs 18.1%, p=0.033). Conclusion There were significantly more women seen in our Preventive Cardiology clinic. Smoking and alcoholic drinking were higher in males. BMI, total cholesterol and HDL were significantly higher in females than in males.
Sex Characteristics ; Heart Disease Risk Factors ; Primary Prevention ; Preventive Medicine

Objective: To understand the infection status of HIV and related factors in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Shanxi province in 2010, 2015 and 2020. Methods: According to the sentinel surveillance protocol, continuous cross-sectional survey were conducted to collect the information about basic characteristics, general demographic characteristics, AIDS knowledge awareness, high-risk sexual behavior, sexually transmitted diseases, intervention services and HIV infection rate of the MSM in Shanxi in 2010, 2015 and 2020. Results: In 2010, 2015 and 2020, a total of 2 708 MSM were included in this study. There were significant differences in HIV infection rate among three years (χ²=23.76, P<0.001) with an increasing trend with year (trend χ² =17.34, P<0.001). The rates of anal sex, commercial sex and heterosexual behavior in the past 6 months were 77.62% (2 102/2 708), 5.91% (160/2 708) and 28.14% (762/2 708) respectively, and the rates of consistent use of condom were 52.52% (1 104/2 102), 63.13% (101/160) and 23.49%(179/762) respectively, and the rate of consistent condom use was low. Results from multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that different cities, having educational level of junior high school or below, being recruited through internet, voluntary counseling and testing, suffering from sexually transmitted diseases, occasional condom use in anal sex in the past 6 months were the correlative factors of HIV infection of MSM. Conclusions: The HIV infection rate of MSM in Shanxi increased year by year from 2010, 2015 to 2020. The HIV/AIDS-related risk behavior persisted, and the proportion of condomuse adherence was low, and the HIV detection rate was low in the MSM, so targeted and effective measures should be taken to promote the condom use adherence and regular HIV testing in MSM.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; HIV Infections/epidemiology* ; HIV Testing ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Sex Work ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires