Purpose: We present a case of dupilumab-associated ocular surface disease presenting as atypical superior filamentary keratitis and describe our treatment approach.Case summary: A 20-year-old male receiving dupilumab for atopic dermatitis was referred for bilateral ocular discomfort 2 months after treatment initiation. Examination revealed follicular hyperplasia of the left superior palpebral conjunctiva, limbal elevation and hyperemia, corneal infiltration, and superficial neovascularization, consistent with severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Considering the inflammation was refractory to prior long-term therapy, the patient was treated with topical corticosteroids, antibiotics, and a sub-Tenon triamcinolone injection; however, the clinical course fluctuated with repeated improvement and deterioration. Despite subsequent tacrolimus therapy, characteristic filaments developed in the superior cornea of both eyes with significant exacerbation following dupilumab administration. Subjective symptoms improved after the patient voluntarily discontinued dupilumab. Subsequently, the condition stabilized after extending the dupilumab dosing interval and the patient remains under observation with ongoing medication adjustments. Conclusions Dupilumab treatment can induce corneal filament formation, particularly in the superior area. Patients with a history of ocular disease or those receiving ophthalmic medications should be monitored closely during therapy.

Purpose: To determine the corneal stabilization timeline after pterygium excision adjusted for horizontal invasion length (HIL). Methods: In this single-center retrospective cohort study, we analyzed 88 eyes of 80 patients with nasal or temporal primary pterygium who underwent excision and perioperative evaluation with anterior segment (AS) swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT; Anterion). Anterior simulated mean keratometry (SimKmean; 3-mm ring) and HIL were measured on AS SS-OCT. Keratometric stabilization was assessed at postoperative cutoffs of 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with HIL as a covariate. Subgroup analysis was performed after stratifying by the median HIL (3.82 mm). Results: Mean anterior SimKmean increased from 42.95 ± 1.79 diopters (D) preoperatively to 43.73 ± 1.53 D postoperatively (p < 0.001). Preoperative HIL correlated positively with the perioperative SimKmean change (r = 0.728, p < 0.001). While postoperative duration showed no significant unadjusted correlation with keratometric change (r = −0.133, p = 0.218), partial correlation controlling for HIL was negative (r = −0.248, p = 0.021), indicating diminishing change over time after severity adjustment. ANCOVA demonstrated significant stabilization at 16 weeks (p = 0.036). In the HIL ≥3.82 mm subgroup, SimKmean change was greater before 20 weeks than after 20 weeks (1.73 ± 1.59 D vs. 0.59 ± 0.74 D, p = 0.030), whereas no significant time-point differences were found for HIL <3.82 mm. Conclusions Corneal keratometric stabilization after pterygium excision depends on preoperative HIL. A minimum of 16 weeks is recommended before cataract surgery planning, with at least 20 weeks for eyes with HIL ≥3.82 mm.

Background: Identifying the risks related to the complications of electrical cardioversion (ECV) can alert the determinaton of rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1,058 patients who underwent ECV for persistent or long-standing persistent AF/atrial flutter (AFL) from multiple centers. Patients were classified into the no-complication (1,023 patients) and complication (35 patients) groups based on the following major complications: stroke and/or systemic embolism (SSE), myocardial infarction, major bleeding, implantation of cardiac implantable electronic devices, ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation, and death at 1 year follow-up after ECV. Results: Compared with the no-complication group, the complication group exhibited a higher proportion of female patients (37% vs. 22%), as well as a higher proportion of patients with older age (67 ± 11 vs. 61 ± 10 years), diabetes mellitus (DM) (49% vs. 24%), heart failure (HF) (49% vs. 30%), SSE (23% vs. 9%), high CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc (CV) score (3.6 ± 1.8 vs.2.2 ± 1.4), low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (50 ± 16% vs. 58 ± 21%), and high left atrial volume index (LAVI) (51 ± 26 vs. 40 ± 20 mL/m 2 ). Class I and III antiarrhythmics were less prescribed in the complication group than in the no-complication group (57% vs.76%). Univariate analysis for complications revealed age (≥ 65 years), female sex, DM, HF, SSE, LVEF (< 50%), LAVI (≥ 40 mL/m 2 ), CV score (≥ 3), bradycardia on Holter (< 60/min), and no antiarrhythmics as risk factors. Among these, multivariate analysis revealed clinical significance of female sex and SSE. Conclusion Female sex and a history of SSE were the most important risk factors of complications in patients with persistent or long-standing persistent AF/AFL who underwent ECV.

Auricular vagus nerve stimulation (aVNS) is one of the promising neuromodulation techniques due to its non-invasiveness, convenience, and effectiveness. aVNS has been suggested as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases showing impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Improving CSF flow has been proposed as a key mechanism of the therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative diseases. However, aVNS parameters have been set empirically and the effective parameter that maximize the effect remains elusive. Here we show that 30 minutes of low-frequency aVNS increased arterial vasomotion events and enhanced cortical CSF influx along the branches of middle cerebral arteries. By using in vivo two photon imaging or widefield fluorescence microscopy with plasma and CSF tracers for visualizing blood vessels and perivascular spaces, arterial vasomotion and cortical CSF influx dynamics were acquired. The low-frequency (2 Hz) aVNS, but not middleand high-frequency (40 and 100 Hz) aVNS, significantly increased the number of vasomotion events compared to the sham group. Accordingly, in the CSF imaging, 2 Hz of aVNS markedly enhanced the CSF influx. Our findings demonstrate that lowfrequency aVNS is the effective parameter in respect to modulating vasomotion and CSF influx, resulting in brain clearance effect.

Auricular vagus nerve stimulation (aVNS) is one of the promising neuromodulation techniques due to its non-invasiveness, convenience, and effectiveness. aVNS has been suggested as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases showing impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Improving CSF flow has been proposed as a key mechanism of the therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative diseases. However, aVNS parameters have been set empirically and the effective parameter that maximize the effect remains elusive. Here we show that 30 minutes of low-frequency aVNS increased arterial vasomotion events and enhanced cortical CSF influx along the branches of middle cerebral arteries. By using in vivo two photon imaging or widefield fluorescence microscopy with plasma and CSF tracers for visualizing blood vessels and perivascular spaces, arterial vasomotion and cortical CSF influx dynamics were acquired. The low-frequency (2 Hz) aVNS, but not middleand high-frequency (40 and 100 Hz) aVNS, significantly increased the number of vasomotion events compared to the sham group. Accordingly, in the CSF imaging, 2 Hz of aVNS markedly enhanced the CSF influx. Our findings demonstrate that lowfrequency aVNS is the effective parameter in respect to modulating vasomotion and CSF influx, resulting in brain clearance effect.

Auricular vagus nerve stimulation (aVNS) is one of the promising neuromodulation techniques due to its non-invasiveness, convenience, and effectiveness. aVNS has been suggested as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases showing impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Improving CSF flow has been proposed as a key mechanism of the therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative diseases. However, aVNS parameters have been set empirically and the effective parameter that maximize the effect remains elusive. Here we show that 30 minutes of low-frequency aVNS increased arterial vasomotion events and enhanced cortical CSF influx along the branches of middle cerebral arteries. By using in vivo two photon imaging or widefield fluorescence microscopy with plasma and CSF tracers for visualizing blood vessels and perivascular spaces, arterial vasomotion and cortical CSF influx dynamics were acquired. The low-frequency (2 Hz) aVNS, but not middleand high-frequency (40 and 100 Hz) aVNS, significantly increased the number of vasomotion events compared to the sham group. Accordingly, in the CSF imaging, 2 Hz of aVNS markedly enhanced the CSF influx. Our findings demonstrate that lowfrequency aVNS is the effective parameter in respect to modulating vasomotion and CSF influx, resulting in brain clearance effect.

Auricular vagus nerve stimulation (aVNS) is one of the promising neuromodulation techniques due to its non-invasiveness, convenience, and effectiveness. aVNS has been suggested as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases showing impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Improving CSF flow has been proposed as a key mechanism of the therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative diseases. However, aVNS parameters have been set empirically and the effective parameter that maximize the effect remains elusive. Here we show that 30 minutes of low-frequency aVNS increased arterial vasomotion events and enhanced cortical CSF influx along the branches of middle cerebral arteries. By using in vivo two photon imaging or widefield fluorescence microscopy with plasma and CSF tracers for visualizing blood vessels and perivascular spaces, arterial vasomotion and cortical CSF influx dynamics were acquired. The low-frequency (2 Hz) aVNS, but not middleand high-frequency (40 and 100 Hz) aVNS, significantly increased the number of vasomotion events compared to the sham group. Accordingly, in the CSF imaging, 2 Hz of aVNS markedly enhanced the CSF influx. Our findings demonstrate that lowfrequency aVNS is the effective parameter in respect to modulating vasomotion and CSF influx, resulting in brain clearance effect.

Auricular vagus nerve stimulation (aVNS) is one of the promising neuromodulation techniques due to its non-invasiveness, convenience, and effectiveness. aVNS has been suggested as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases showing impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Improving CSF flow has been proposed as a key mechanism of the therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative diseases. However, aVNS parameters have been set empirically and the effective parameter that maximize the effect remains elusive. Here we show that 30 minutes of low-frequency aVNS increased arterial vasomotion events and enhanced cortical CSF influx along the branches of middle cerebral arteries. By using in vivo two photon imaging or widefield fluorescence microscopy with plasma and CSF tracers for visualizing blood vessels and perivascular spaces, arterial vasomotion and cortical CSF influx dynamics were acquired. The low-frequency (2 Hz) aVNS, but not middleand high-frequency (40 and 100 Hz) aVNS, significantly increased the number of vasomotion events compared to the sham group. Accordingly, in the CSF imaging, 2 Hz of aVNS markedly enhanced the CSF influx. Our findings demonstrate that lowfrequency aVNS is the effective parameter in respect to modulating vasomotion and CSF influx, resulting in brain clearance effect.

Background: Unlike the Mycoplasma IST2 kit (bioMérieux), the Mycoplasma IST3 kit has been updated to comply with the standardized antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) method for Ureaplasma spp. (Up) and Mycoplasma hominis (Mh). We aimed to verify the use of the Mycoplasma IST3 kit for genital mycoplasma cultures. Methods: From September 2023 to January 2024, the R1 medium remaining after inoculation with IST2 was refrigerated until the next day. For IST2-positive samples, 300 μL of residual R1 medium was inoculated into the IST3. Species identification, enumeration, and AST results obtained using IST3 were compared with those obtained using IST2. Results: A total of 48 IST2-positive samples were inoculated into IST3, including 35, 1, and 12 Up-only, Mh-only, and both Up- and Mh-positive samples, respectively. Among Up-only samples, 2.8%, 91.4%, and 100.0% were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, respectively. With IST3, 45 (93.8%) samples grew genital mycoplasmas; 42 (89.4%) of the 47 Up-positive samples and 6 (46.2%) of the 13 Mh-positive samples showed growth of the same organisms. All seven samples that failed to grow Mh were from mixed cultures, of which four Mh concentrations of < 104 /mL. Up was susceptible to levofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin at the rates of 64.3 %, 88.1 %, and 95.2 %, respectively. Conclusion IST3 showed good performance in detecting genital Mycoplasma except for its tendency to not detect Mh of low concentrations in mixed cultures. IST3 is preferable to IST2 because it can accurately screen for erythromycin resistance in Up and reduce falseresistances for fluoroquinolone.

This study aimed to identify metabolic biomarkers and investigate changes in intestinal microbiota in the feces of healthy participants following administration of Lactococcus lactis GEN-001. GEN-001 is a single-strain L. lactis strain isolated from the gut of a healthy human volunteer. The study was conducted as a parallel, randomized, phase 1, open design trial. Twenty healthy Korean males were divided into five groups according to the GEN-001 dosage and dietary control.Groups A, B, C, and D1 received 1, 3, 6, and 9 GEN-001 capsules (1 × 1011 colony forming units), respectively, without dietary adjustment, whereas group D2 received 9 GEN-001 capsules with dietary adjustment. All groups received a single dose. Fecal samples were collected 2 days before GEN-001 administration to 7 days after for untargeted metabolomics and gut microbial metagenomic analyses; blood samples were collected simultaneously for immunogenicity analysis. Levels of phenylalanine, tyrosine, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and tryptophan were significantly increased at 5–6 days after GEN-001 administration when compared with predose levels. Compared with predose, the relative abundance (%) of Parabacteroides and Alistipes significantly decreased, whereas that of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus increased; Lactobacillus and tryptophan levels were negatively correlated. A single administration of GEN-001 shifted the gut microbiota in healthy volunteers to a more balanced state as evidenced by an increased abundance of beneficial bacteria, including Lactobacillus, and higher levels of the metabolites that have immunogenic properties.