Air accumulation in the cranial cavity is referred to as pneumocephalus.Tension pneumocephalus is a neurosurgical emergency that can cause headaches, seizures, reduced consciousness, and even death owing to increased intracranial pressure. We report a case of tension pneumocephalus. The patient underwent a frontal sinusotomy for a mass invading the frontal sinus and nasal cavity. One month later, the patient was admitted to the emergency room with seizures and neurotic symptoms, and computed tomography (CT) revealed tension pneumocephalus with significant gas dilatation of both lateral ventricles. Prompt treatment of the dural defect resulted in the immediate improvement of neurological signs.A CT re-examination 1 week after surgery showed that the pneumocephalus had completely resolved. Tension pneumocephalus should be considered a potential complication in patients with worsening neurological signs after skull base surgery. An accurate diagnosis requires an understanding of imaging features and a high index of suspicion, and immediate intervention is essential.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is one of method for evaluating renal perfusion. The purpose of this project was to assess perfusion patterns and dynamics in normal micropig kidney using ultrasonographic contrast media. Eight young healthy micropigs were included in this study. Micropigs were anesthetized with propofol and received an intravenous bolus of microbubble contrast media through an ear vein. Time/mean pixel value (MPV) curves were generated for selected regions in the right renal cortex and medulla. The parenchyma was enhanced in two phases. The cortex was first enhanced followed by a more gradual enhancement of the medulla. A significant difference in perfusion was detected between the cortex and medulla. Following the bolus injection, the average upslope was 0.68 +/- 0.27 MPV/sec, downslope was -0.27 +/- 0.13 MPV/sec, baseline was 73.9 +/- 16.5 MPV, peak was 84.6 +/- 17.2 MPV, and time-to-peak (from injection) was 17.5 +/- 6.6 sec for the cortex. For the medulla, the average upslope was 0.50 +/- 0.24 MPV/sec, downslope was -0.12 +/- 0.06 MPV/sec, baseline was 52.7 +/- 7.0 MPV, peak was 65.2 +/- 9.3 MPV, and time-to-peak (from injection) was 27.5 +/- 5.0 sec. These data can be used as normal reference values for studying young micropigs.
Animals ; Contrast Media/*diagnostic use ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Injections, Intravenous/veterinary ; Kidney/*blood supply/ultrasonography ; Kidney Function Tests/veterinary ; Linear Models ; Microbubbles/diagnostic use/veterinary ; Reference Values ; Renal Circulation ; Sulfur Hexafluoride/diagnostic use ; Swine ; Swine, Miniature/*physiology ; Ultrasonography/*methods/veterinary