Purpose: To investigate the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia in a Korean population. Materials and Methods: The Korean Prostate & Voiding Health Association provided free prostate-related community health care and conducted surveys in all regions of Korea from 2001 to 2022 with the cooperation of local government public health centers. A total of 72,068 males older than 50 were surveyed and analyzed. History taking, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), transrectal ultrasonography, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, uroflowmetry, and urine volume testing were performed. Results: The mean prostate volumes in males in their 50s, 60s, 70s, and 80s or above were 24.7 g, 27.7 g, 31 g, and 33.7 g, respectively. The proportion of males with high PSA greater than 3 ng/mL was 3.8% among males in their 50s, 7.7% among males in their 60s, 13.1% among males in their 70s, and 17.9% among males 80 years of age or older. The mean IPSS total scores in males in their 50s, 60s, 70s, and 80s or above were 10.7, 12.7, 14.5, and 16, respectively. Severe symptoms were reported by 27.3% of males, whereas 51.7% reported moderate symptoms. The mean Qmax in males in their 50s, 60s, 70s, and 80s or above were 20 mL/s, 17.4 mL/s, 15.4 mL/s, and 13.8 mL/s, respectively. Conclusions In this population-based study, mean prostate volume, IPSS, PSA, and Qmax were 30.6±15.1 g, 14.8±8.2, 1.9±4.7 ng/mL, and 15.6±6.5 mL/s, respectively. Aging was significantly associated with increased prostate volume, PSA levels, and IPSS scores, and with decreased Qmax and urine volume.

During the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, a reasonable investigation of the dead was well developed even before the introduction of modern forensic techniques from Western countries. Various reviews have been attempted on those investigation records currently stored in the Gyujanggak library, but an in-depth analysis has not been conducted on the extent to which the evidence mobilized at the time is valid from the perspective of modern forensic science. Therefore, we conducted a full-scale forensic review of the Gyujanggak record as an interdisciplinary study between forensic science and humanities. The case of Park Bong-Un which occurred in 1902 was investigated by Korean Empire officials who concluded that the deceased was killed by the beating of the suspect. The entire investigation of the Park Bong-Un case was described by the officials in detail, and the conclusion was made according to a credible process although various methods used in modern forensic investigation were impossible during the period.

During the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, a reasonable investigation of the dead was well developed even before the introduction of modern forensic techniques from Western countries. Various reviews have been attempted on those investigation records currently stored in the Gyujanggak library, but an in-depth analysis has not been conducted on the extent to which the evidence mobilized at the time is valid from the perspective of modern forensic science. Therefore, we conducted a full-scale forensic review of the Gyujanggak record as an interdisciplinary study between forensic science and humanities. The case of Park Bong-Un which occurred in 1902 was investigated by Korean Empire officials who concluded that the deceased was killed by the beating of the suspect. The entire investigation of the Park Bong-Un case was described by the officials in detail, and the conclusion was made according to a credible process although various methods used in modern forensic investigation were impossible during the period.

During the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, a reasonable investigation of the dead was well developed even before the introduction of modern forensic techniques from Western countries. Various reviews have been attempted on those investigation records currently stored in the Gyujanggak library, but an in-depth analysis has not been conducted on the extent to which the evidence mobilized at the time is valid from the perspective of modern forensic science. Therefore, we conducted a full-scale forensic review of the Gyujanggak record as an interdisciplinary study between forensic science and humanities. The case of Park Bong-Un which occurred in 1902 was investigated by Korean Empire officials who concluded that the deceased was killed by the beating of the suspect. The entire investigation of the Park Bong-Un case was described by the officials in detail, and the conclusion was made according to a credible process although various methods used in modern forensic investigation were impossible during the period.

During the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, a reasonable investigation of the dead was well developed even before the introduction of modern forensic techniques from Western countries. Various reviews have been attempted on those investigation records currently stored in the Gyujanggak library, but an in-depth analysis has not been conducted on the extent to which the evidence mobilized at the time is valid from the perspective of modern forensic science. Therefore, we conducted a full-scale forensic review of the Gyujanggak record as an interdisciplinary study between forensic science and humanities. The case of Park Bong-Un which occurred in 1902 was investigated by Korean Empire officials who concluded that the deceased was killed by the beating of the suspect. The entire investigation of the Park Bong-Un case was described by the officials in detail, and the conclusion was made according to a credible process although various methods used in modern forensic investigation were impossible during the period.

OBJECTIVE: A randomized double-blind cross-over trial was conducted in patients with persistent auditory hallucinations (AHs) to investigate whether bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at the temporoparietal area or Broca's area is more effective at high- or low-frequencies compared to a sham condition. METHODS: Twenty three patients with persistent AHs who remained stable on the same medication for 2 months were enrolled. They were randomized to one of four conditions: low-frequency (1 Hz)-rTMS to the temporoparietal area (L-TP), high-frequency (20 Hz)-rTMS to the temporoparietal area (H-TP), high-frequency (20 Hz)-rTMS to Broca's area (H-B), or sham. RESULTS: All the four rTMS conditions resulted in significant decrease in the scores under the auditory hallucination rating scale and hallucination change scale over time. However, there were no significant treatment effects or interaction between time and treatment, suggesting no superior effects of the new paradigms over the sham condition. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that bilateral rTMS at the temporoparietal area or Broca's area with high- or low-frequency does not produce superior effects in reducing AHs compared to sham stimulation.
Cross-Over Studies* ; Frontal Lobe ; Hallucinations* ; Humans ; Schizophrenia* ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation*

PURPOSE: In pediatric acute respiratory failure patients requiring mechanical ventilator support, mortality is seldom related to respiratory disease alone, but more generally to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether early changes in the SOFA score (Delta-SOFA) are more effective for predicting the outcome than a single assessment upon admission for pediatric acute respiratory failure patients requiring mechanical ventilator support. METHODS: The medical records of pediatric patients with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilator support for more than 72 hours in the PICU of the Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea, between January 2008 and May 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Early Delta-SOFA showed a significantly stronger correlation with patient mortality compared with the initial SOFA score, PRISM III score and PELOD score (P<0.05). When analyzing the trends in the SOFA score during the first 72 hours, the mortality rate was significantly higher in children with increased and unchanged SOFA scores 72 hours after admission than in children with a decreased SOFA score. (14.5% vs. 42.9%, P<0.05) CONCLUSION: Regardless of the initial SOFA score, early serial evaluation of the SOFA scores during the first 3 days of PICU admission is a better indicator of the prognosis than a single assessment obtained at admission in acute respiratory failure patients mechanically ventilated for more than 3 days.
Child ; Humans ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Multiple Organ Failure ; Prognosis ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Retrospective Studies ; Ventilators, Mechanical

PURPOSE: The PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) ratio, oxygenation index (OI) and the ventilation index (VI) have been used as parameters of acute respiratory failure. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the prognosis and early changes in the respiratory parameters in pediatric patients with acute lung injury (ALI). METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 97 patients who had ventilator care for more than 3 days due to acute respiratory failure between January 2008 and May 2009 in PICU of Asan Medical Center. RESULTS: The mean age was 3.7+/-5.0 years. This study included 58 males and 39 females. The mortality rate was 27.8%. There was no significant difference between the survivors and non-survivors in the initial P/F ratio, OI and VI. However, these parameters improved in the survivor group, unlike the non-survivor group whose parameters remained unchanged or worsened. When comparing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the initial respiratory parameters and the changes in parameters for 3 days, the area under the ROC curves representing the changes in respiratory parameters for 3 days was significantly greater than that of initial respiratory parameters, thus indicating the parameter changes are more reliable predictors of mortality than the initial parameters. CONCLUSION: Early changes in respiratory parameters such as the P/F ratio, OI and VI, rather than initial parameters themselves, are more directly related to the prognosis of pediatric patients with ALI and would be useful in determining optimal treatment and predicting the prognosis.
Acute Lung Injury ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Oxygen ; Prognosis ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Retrospective Studies ; ROC Curve ; Survivors ; Ventilation ; Ventilators, Mechanical

PURPOSE: Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) is a rare disease, but its prognosis is fatal because of lack of efficient treatment modality. Recently, it has been reported that there was epidemic AIP in Korea. This study aims to investigate the past and current status of AIP in Korea. METHODS: We performed a nationwide survey and a prospective study. From August 6 to 15, 2008, a questionnaire survey was conducted to identify the prevalence, local distribution, and response to current treatments. The questionnaire was answered by pediatrician working in 23 referral centers in Korea. In addition, 5 referral centers in Seoul performed a preliminary prospective observational study by obtaining clinical data and specimens from appropriate patients. The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention analyzed the samples for possible pathogens. RESULTS: The survey showed 78 AIP cases had occurred and 36 patients had died. Lung biopsy was performed only on 20 patients. In 2008, 9 AIP cases developed. In a prospective study, 9 (M:F=5:4) patients developed AIP in spring and 7 (78%) died, with the mean rate of death occurring 46 days after diagnosis. Human corona virus 229 E, cytomegalovirus, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, and parainfluenza virus were isolated from the respiratory specimens. CONCLUSION: This study showed nationwide prevalence of AIP in Korea. In addition, because of the high mortality rate and rapid progress, pediatricians need to be aware of the disease. Further studies and a nationwide network are required for reducing the morbidity and mortality rates related to AIP.
Biopsy ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Child ; Cytomegalovirus ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; Influenza B virus ; Korea ; Lung ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Prevalence ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rare Diseases ; Referral and Consultation ; Viruses