Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in Korea and the third leading cause of death from cancer. Treatment outcomes for colon cancer are steadily improving due to national health screening programs with advances in diagnostic methods, surgical techniques, and therapeutic agents.. The Korea Colon Cancer Multidisciplinary (KCCM) Committee intends to provide professionals who treat colon cancer with the most up-to-date, evidence-based practice guidelines to improve outcomes and help them make decisions that reflect their patients’ values and preferences. These guidelines have been established by consensus reached by the KCCM Guideline Committee based on a systematic literature review and evidence synthesis and by considering the national health insurance system in real clinical practice settings. Each recommendation is presented with a recommendation strength and level of evidence based on the consensus of the committee.

Background: This study aimed to determine the effect of ramen sauce on tooth tone changes over time, after selecting three different ramen colors from the ramens sold in the market, and applying the sauce to bovine teeth. Methods: Healthy bovine teeth were selected, and cutting discs were used to produce 60 specimens (5×5×3 mm), with 15 specimens distributed per county. Three types of ramen (buldak, chacharoni black bean sauce, and ottogi curry noodle) were used as the experimental group, and water was used as the negative control group. Tooth tone measurement was performed using a spectrophotometer (CM-700d) to measure the color before and after 1 (3 h 44 min), 2 (7 h 28 min), 3 (11 h 12 min), and 4 weeks (14 h 56 min). Analysis of the color tone change was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 28. Results: In the experimental group, there was a significant color tone change before and after immersion. L* indicated the largest change in black bean sauce ramen, a* indicated buldak ramen, and b* indicated the largest change in curry ramen. The amount of color change (ΔE*) was the largest in curry ramen, followed by buldak and black bean sauce ramens. The results of the post-hoc analysis showed significant differences between all groups except buldak and black bean sauce ramens. Conclusion All three types of ramen revealed significant color change before and after immersion, and curry ramen showed the largest amount of color change among them.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of selecting commercially available blending teas and applying them to bovine teeth on color change over time. Methods: After selecting healthy bovine teeth, using a cutting-disc, 105 specimens with a dimension of 5×5×3 mm were prepared, and 15 specimens were distributed to each group. Black tea was used as a positive control, water was used as a negative control, and blended tea of five types was used as an experimental group. First, pH and buffering capacity were measured with a pH meter, and tooth color was determined using a spectrophotometer before immersion in the blending tea solution and 1, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days after immersion. Thereafter, the shape change of the enamel surface was observed using a scanning electron microscope, and SPSS ver.26 was used to analyze the color change. Results: The average pH of the five blending teas in the experimental group was 3.78, and the pH of group 3 (strawberry rhubarb) was the lowest at 3.22. The pH levels of black tea and water were 5.19 and 7.30, respectively. The buffering capacity was the highest in group 3 at both pH levels of 5.5 and 7.0. The L*a*b* color change according to immersion time was the largest in group 4 (rooibos yellow flower), and the amount of color change was large in black tea and group 4. As a result of observing the enamel surface of bovine teeth, changes in the surface shape were noted in all groups immersed in the experimental solution for 21 days, except for water. Conclusion There was a significant difference between the experimental groups in terms of color change according to the immersion time, and color and enamel surface changes were observed in black tea and all experimental groups, except for water.

PURPOSE: We used a questionnaire to explore perceptions and clinical practice patterns of Korean pediatric ophthalmologists in terms of amblyopia.METHODS: From September to November 2018, we conducted a web-based questionnaire survey of 99 specialists of the Korean Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus who operated ophthalmology clinics in Korea. We received 56 responses (56.57%) and retrospectively analyzed the data.RESULTS: The average specialist age was 44.0 ± 9.7 years. The mean age of treated amblyopia patients was 3 to 5 years (69.6%); the most common amblyopia was refractive anisometropic amblyopia (75.0%). On average, treatment commenced at 4 years of age (53.6%); child and parent co-operation most significantly influenced treatment success (46.4%). The preferred test was cycloplegic refraction (96.4%) and the preferred treatment occlusion therapy (100%) with glasses correction (98.2%). Occlusion therapy was most commonly performed for 2 hours/day (69.6%); the minimum age for eyeglasses prescription was 2.10 ± 1.18 years. Only three respondents (5.36%) prescribed contact lenses and only one (1.79%) performed refractive surgery.CONCLUSIONS: In Korea, amblyopia treatment is based on occlusion therapy and glasses correction. However, the time of treatment commencement, the duration of occlusion therapy, and the glasses used for correction varied. It is necessary to develop guidelines for amblyopia treatment; these should reflect current medical conditions.
Amblyopia ; Child ; Contact Lenses ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Korea ; Ophthalmology ; Parents ; Practice Patterns, Physicians' ; Prescriptions ; Refractive Surgical Procedures ; Retrospective Studies ; Specialization ; Strabismus ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Purpose: We analyzed changes in mini-scleral lens parameters after repetitive ethylene oxide (EO) sterilization. Methods: We measured the base curve radius (BCR), the optical power, the central lens thickness (CLT), and the overall lens diameter (OLD) of 67 basic, oblate-type mini-scleral lenses (Onefit A; BIUMTEC, Seoul, Korea) before and after three repeats of EO sterilization at 2-week intervals. The sterilization process (15 hours in duration) included a core step featuring exposure to gaseous EO for 180 minutes at 1.5 bar and 56°C. Results: The BCR changes in the basic type of mini-scleral lens after EO sterilization were -0.011 ± 0.004 mm, -0.024 ± 0.005 mm, and -0.021 ± 0.005 mm for the first, second, and third sterilizations, respectively; all changes were significant. None of optical power, CLT, or OLD were affected by EO sterilization. We found no significant correlation between any baseline value and the change thereof after sterilization. Conclusions Repeated EO sterilization of mini-scleral lenses did not change the optical power, CLT, or OLD, but significantly reduced the BCR. EO should not be used to sterilize mini-scleral lenses.

Purpose: We describe a patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome who exhibited recurrent anterior corneal granulomas after corneal perforation (despite multiple amniotic membrane [AM] transplantations); the patient was successfully treated by lamellar grafting of an acellular, preserved human cornea.Case summary: Corneal granulomas developed four times in a 46-year-old man who had been diagnosed with Stevens-Johnson syndrome 17 years priorly and who had undergone multiple AM transplantations after corneal perforation. A corneal granulomatous mass recurred 2 months prior to presentation in our clinic; it rapidly increased in size. With the patient under general anesthesia, the corneal mass was excised and a 4.0-mm-diameter, acellular preserved human cornea (Halo; Eversight Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) was grafted. A similarly sized AM was placed over the grafted cornea. Although the engrafted cornea exhibited stromal infiltration 1 month after surgery, the keratitis improved following brief antibiotic treatment. At 8 months postoperatively, the wound was stable; no granuloma recurrence, no graft melting, and no suspected microbial keratitis were observed in the region of the graft. Conclusions In patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and recurrent anterior granulomas (despite multiple AM transplantations), a lamellar graft of acellular, preserved human cornea may be a good therapeutic choice.

Purpose: To report two cases of atypical conjunctival lesions that differ from the well-known typical papillary or follicular conjunctivitis after the use of brimonidine.Case summary: In the first case, a 46-year-old female patient diagnosed with binocular normal tension glaucoma visited our hospital. After topical application of 1% brinzolamide/0.2% brimonidine fixed-combination eye drops for 7 months, a number of yellow follicles confined to the left upper bulbar conjunctiva with mild conjunctival injection and conjunctival edema were observed under slit lamp microscopy examination. After stopping brimonidine for 2 weeks, conjunctival injection and follicles decreased and, 1 month later, bulbar conjunctival follicles had disappeared completely. Since changing the eye drops to a brinzolamide/timolol fixed combination, there was no recurrence of the condition. In the second case, a 70-year-old female patient who had been diagnosed with binocular normal tension glaucoma a year ago had been using 0.15% brimonidine. On slit lamp examination, bilateral eyelid edema and overall diffuse conjunctival tissue hypertrophy and multiple follicles appeared on the upper and lower palpebral conjunctiva, the bulbar conjunctiva, the conjunctival fornix, and the lacrimal caruncle. Bilateral conjunctival biopsy was performed to differentiate conjunctival lymphoma, and granulomatous inflammation was confirmed by biopsy. After stopping 0.15% brimonidine treatment and changing to latanoprost, conjunctival lesions improved and there was no recurrence. Conclusions If atypical conjunctival lesions are observed in patients using topical brimonidine, side effects related to brimonidine should be considered. Our results indicated marked improvement within 2 weeks of stopping brimonidine treatment.

Purpose: We analyzed changes in mini-scleral lens parameters after repetitive ethylene oxide (EO) sterilization. Methods: We measured the base curve radius (BCR), the optical power, the central lens thickness (CLT), and the overall lens diameter (OLD) of 67 basic, oblate-type mini-scleral lenses (Onefit A; BIUMTEC, Seoul, Korea) before and after three repeats of EO sterilization at 2-week intervals. The sterilization process (15 hours in duration) included a core step featuring exposure to gaseous EO for 180 minutes at 1.5 bar and 56°C. Results: The BCR changes in the basic type of mini-scleral lens after EO sterilization were -0.011 ± 0.004 mm, -0.024 ± 0.005 mm, and -0.021 ± 0.005 mm for the first, second, and third sterilizations, respectively; all changes were significant. None of optical power, CLT, or OLD were affected by EO sterilization. We found no significant correlation between any baseline value and the change thereof after sterilization. Conclusions Repeated EO sterilization of mini-scleral lenses did not change the optical power, CLT, or OLD, but significantly reduced the BCR. EO should not be used to sterilize mini-scleral lenses.

Purpose: We describe a patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome who exhibited recurrent anterior corneal granulomas after corneal perforation (despite multiple amniotic membrane [AM] transplantations); the patient was successfully treated by lamellar grafting of an acellular, preserved human cornea.Case summary: Corneal granulomas developed four times in a 46-year-old man who had been diagnosed with Stevens-Johnson syndrome 17 years priorly and who had undergone multiple AM transplantations after corneal perforation. A corneal granulomatous mass recurred 2 months prior to presentation in our clinic; it rapidly increased in size. With the patient under general anesthesia, the corneal mass was excised and a 4.0-mm-diameter, acellular preserved human cornea (Halo; Eversight Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) was grafted. A similarly sized AM was placed over the grafted cornea. Although the engrafted cornea exhibited stromal infiltration 1 month after surgery, the keratitis improved following brief antibiotic treatment. At 8 months postoperatively, the wound was stable; no granuloma recurrence, no graft melting, and no suspected microbial keratitis were observed in the region of the graft. Conclusions In patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and recurrent anterior granulomas (despite multiple AM transplantations), a lamellar graft of acellular, preserved human cornea may be a good therapeutic choice.

Purpose: To report two cases of atypical conjunctival lesions that differ from the well-known typical papillary or follicular conjunctivitis after the use of brimonidine.Case summary: In the first case, a 46-year-old female patient diagnosed with binocular normal tension glaucoma visited our hospital. After topical application of 1% brinzolamide/0.2% brimonidine fixed-combination eye drops for 7 months, a number of yellow follicles confined to the left upper bulbar conjunctiva with mild conjunctival injection and conjunctival edema were observed under slit lamp microscopy examination. After stopping brimonidine for 2 weeks, conjunctival injection and follicles decreased and, 1 month later, bulbar conjunctival follicles had disappeared completely. Since changing the eye drops to a brinzolamide/timolol fixed combination, there was no recurrence of the condition. In the second case, a 70-year-old female patient who had been diagnosed with binocular normal tension glaucoma a year ago had been using 0.15% brimonidine. On slit lamp examination, bilateral eyelid edema and overall diffuse conjunctival tissue hypertrophy and multiple follicles appeared on the upper and lower palpebral conjunctiva, the bulbar conjunctiva, the conjunctival fornix, and the lacrimal caruncle. Bilateral conjunctival biopsy was performed to differentiate conjunctival lymphoma, and granulomatous inflammation was confirmed by biopsy. After stopping 0.15% brimonidine treatment and changing to latanoprost, conjunctival lesions improved and there was no recurrence. Conclusions If atypical conjunctival lesions are observed in patients using topical brimonidine, side effects related to brimonidine should be considered. Our results indicated marked improvement within 2 weeks of stopping brimonidine treatment.