Purpose: We explored the reliability and validity of the Pain-related Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (PBAS) scale among patients with cancer. Further, we compared the usability of the PBAS scale with that of the Cancer-related Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep-14 (C-DBAS-14) among patients with cancer. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 252 patients with cancer who visited the sleep clinic from August 1, 2023 to June 30, 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. The responses of the enrolled patients to the PBAS, C-DBAS-14, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Numeric Rating Scale of pain were collected. Results: The internal consistency reliability of the PBAS scale was excellent (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.96). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two-factor structure of the PBAS for patients with cancer is a good fit for the model (Comparative Fit Index, 0.99; Tucker-Lewis Index, 0.99; root mean square error of approximation, 0.14; standardized root mean square residual, 0.05). The convergent validity of the Korean version of the PBAS in patients with cancer was good, as indicated by its significant association with pain severity (r=0.63, p < 0.001), C-DBAS-14 (r=0.33, p < 0.001), and ISI (r=0.21, p < 0.01). The PBAS adequately reflected an increase in pain severity and was more effective and appropriate for capturing pain-related dysfunctional sleep beliefs than the C-DBAS-14. Conclusion The Korean version of the PBAS showed high reliability and validity in patients with cancer, and applicability across cancer types and cancer-related beliefs.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the factors contributing to post-traumatic growth (PTG) among nurses who experienced patient death during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to evaluate the necessity of grief support is required. Methods: An online survey was conducted to assess the experiences of nurses at Ulsan University Hospital who lost patients during the past year of the pandemic. In total, 211 nurses were recruited. We obtained information on the participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics. For symptoms rating, we used the following scales: the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemic-9 (SAVE-9), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS), and Utrecht Grief Rumination Scale (UGRS), and Grief Support in Healthcare Scale (GSHCS). Pearson’s correlation coefficients, linear regression, and mediation analysis were employed. Results: PTGI scores were significantly correlated with the SAVE-9 (r=0.31, p<0.01), PHQ-9 (r=0.31, p<0.01), PGS (r=0.28, p<0.01), UGRS (r=0.45, p<0.01), and GSHCS scores (r=0.46, p<0.01). The linear regression analysis revealed the factors significantly associated with PTGI scores: SAVE-9 (β=0.16, p=0.014), UGRS (β=0.29, p<0.001), and GSHCS (β=0.34, p<0.001). The mediation analysis revealed that nurses’ stress and anxiety about COVID-19 and grief rumination had a direct impact on PTG, with grief support serving as a significant mediator. Conclusion PTG was promoted by increases in the medical staff’s anxiety and stress related to COVID-19, grief rumination, and grief support. For the medical staff’s experience of bereavement to result in meaningful personal and professional growth, family members, colleagues, and other associates should provide thoughtful support.

Objective: The present study addressed the shortcomings of strictly defined criterion and survey-based approaches of previous smoking susceptibility measures and accordingly, developed and validated two scales, Smoking Susceptibility Measure (SSM) and Anti-Smoking Awareness Scale (ASAS). Methods: Firstly, the generation of SSM and ASAS items followed an extensive literature review, expert opinions and agreement, resulting in the retention of eight items for SSM and seven items for ASAS to administer them on a large sample (n=312). Average inter-item correlations, corrected item-total correlations, and internal consistency reliabilities of the measures fall within the recommended ranges. The data were found suitable to factorize the sample through exploratory factor analysis. To determine the structural validity of the measures, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was done, and the data had an adequate model fit for unifactorial solution. Multi-group CFA revealed that both measures can be applied in the same way across age and sex of the participants. Results: An inverse association of school connectedness with smoking susceptibility and positive association with anti-smoking awareness reflected the convergent validity of the measures. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that smoking susceptivity was negatively predicted by anti-smoking awareness and school connectedness whereas, positively predicted by self-esteem of the participants. Conclusion The SSM and ASAS were found to be psychometrically sound tools to objectively measure never-smoking youths’ smoking susceptibility and anti-smoking awareness, targeting effective intervention strategies to prevent adolescents and young adults from being a regular smoker.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the factors contributing to post-traumatic growth (PTG) among nurses who experienced patient death during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to evaluate the necessity of grief support is required. Methods: An online survey was conducted to assess the experiences of nurses at Ulsan University Hospital who lost patients during the past year of the pandemic. In total, 211 nurses were recruited. We obtained information on the participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics. For symptoms rating, we used the following scales: the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemic-9 (SAVE-9), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS), and Utrecht Grief Rumination Scale (UGRS), and Grief Support in Healthcare Scale (GSHCS). Pearson’s correlation coefficients, linear regression, and mediation analysis were employed. Results: PTGI scores were significantly correlated with the SAVE-9 (r=0.31, p<0.01), PHQ-9 (r=0.31, p<0.01), PGS (r=0.28, p<0.01), UGRS (r=0.45, p<0.01), and GSHCS scores (r=0.46, p<0.01). The linear regression analysis revealed the factors significantly associated with PTGI scores: SAVE-9 (β=0.16, p=0.014), UGRS (β=0.29, p<0.001), and GSHCS (β=0.34, p<0.001). The mediation analysis revealed that nurses’ stress and anxiety about COVID-19 and grief rumination had a direct impact on PTG, with grief support serving as a significant mediator. Conclusion PTG was promoted by increases in the medical staff’s anxiety and stress related to COVID-19, grief rumination, and grief support. For the medical staff’s experience of bereavement to result in meaningful personal and professional growth, family members, colleagues, and other associates should provide thoughtful support.

Objective: The present study addressed the shortcomings of strictly defined criterion and survey-based approaches of previous smoking susceptibility measures and accordingly, developed and validated two scales, Smoking Susceptibility Measure (SSM) and Anti-Smoking Awareness Scale (ASAS). Methods: Firstly, the generation of SSM and ASAS items followed an extensive literature review, expert opinions and agreement, resulting in the retention of eight items for SSM and seven items for ASAS to administer them on a large sample (n=312). Average inter-item correlations, corrected item-total correlations, and internal consistency reliabilities of the measures fall within the recommended ranges. The data were found suitable to factorize the sample through exploratory factor analysis. To determine the structural validity of the measures, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was done, and the data had an adequate model fit for unifactorial solution. Multi-group CFA revealed that both measures can be applied in the same way across age and sex of the participants. Results: An inverse association of school connectedness with smoking susceptibility and positive association with anti-smoking awareness reflected the convergent validity of the measures. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that smoking susceptivity was negatively predicted by anti-smoking awareness and school connectedness whereas, positively predicted by self-esteem of the participants. Conclusion The SSM and ASAS were found to be psychometrically sound tools to objectively measure never-smoking youths’ smoking susceptibility and anti-smoking awareness, targeting effective intervention strategies to prevent adolescents and young adults from being a regular smoker.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the factors contributing to post-traumatic growth (PTG) among nurses who experienced patient death during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to evaluate the necessity of grief support is required. Methods: An online survey was conducted to assess the experiences of nurses at Ulsan University Hospital who lost patients during the past year of the pandemic. In total, 211 nurses were recruited. We obtained information on the participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics. For symptoms rating, we used the following scales: the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemic-9 (SAVE-9), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS), and Utrecht Grief Rumination Scale (UGRS), and Grief Support in Healthcare Scale (GSHCS). Pearson’s correlation coefficients, linear regression, and mediation analysis were employed. Results: PTGI scores were significantly correlated with the SAVE-9 (r=0.31, p<0.01), PHQ-9 (r=0.31, p<0.01), PGS (r=0.28, p<0.01), UGRS (r=0.45, p<0.01), and GSHCS scores (r=0.46, p<0.01). The linear regression analysis revealed the factors significantly associated with PTGI scores: SAVE-9 (β=0.16, p=0.014), UGRS (β=0.29, p<0.001), and GSHCS (β=0.34, p<0.001). The mediation analysis revealed that nurses’ stress and anxiety about COVID-19 and grief rumination had a direct impact on PTG, with grief support serving as a significant mediator. Conclusion PTG was promoted by increases in the medical staff’s anxiety and stress related to COVID-19, grief rumination, and grief support. For the medical staff’s experience of bereavement to result in meaningful personal and professional growth, family members, colleagues, and other associates should provide thoughtful support.

Objective: The present study addressed the shortcomings of strictly defined criterion and survey-based approaches of previous smoking susceptibility measures and accordingly, developed and validated two scales, Smoking Susceptibility Measure (SSM) and Anti-Smoking Awareness Scale (ASAS). Methods: Firstly, the generation of SSM and ASAS items followed an extensive literature review, expert opinions and agreement, resulting in the retention of eight items for SSM and seven items for ASAS to administer them on a large sample (n=312). Average inter-item correlations, corrected item-total correlations, and internal consistency reliabilities of the measures fall within the recommended ranges. The data were found suitable to factorize the sample through exploratory factor analysis. To determine the structural validity of the measures, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was done, and the data had an adequate model fit for unifactorial solution. Multi-group CFA revealed that both measures can be applied in the same way across age and sex of the participants. Results: An inverse association of school connectedness with smoking susceptibility and positive association with anti-smoking awareness reflected the convergent validity of the measures. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that smoking susceptivity was negatively predicted by anti-smoking awareness and school connectedness whereas, positively predicted by self-esteem of the participants. Conclusion The SSM and ASAS were found to be psychometrically sound tools to objectively measure never-smoking youths’ smoking susceptibility and anti-smoking awareness, targeting effective intervention strategies to prevent adolescents and young adults from being a regular smoker.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the factors contributing to post-traumatic growth (PTG) among nurses who experienced patient death during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to evaluate the necessity of grief support is required. Methods: An online survey was conducted to assess the experiences of nurses at Ulsan University Hospital who lost patients during the past year of the pandemic. In total, 211 nurses were recruited. We obtained information on the participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics. For symptoms rating, we used the following scales: the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemic-9 (SAVE-9), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS), and Utrecht Grief Rumination Scale (UGRS), and Grief Support in Healthcare Scale (GSHCS). Pearson’s correlation coefficients, linear regression, and mediation analysis were employed. Results: PTGI scores were significantly correlated with the SAVE-9 (r=0.31, p<0.01), PHQ-9 (r=0.31, p<0.01), PGS (r=0.28, p<0.01), UGRS (r=0.45, p<0.01), and GSHCS scores (r=0.46, p<0.01). The linear regression analysis revealed the factors significantly associated with PTGI scores: SAVE-9 (β=0.16, p=0.014), UGRS (β=0.29, p<0.001), and GSHCS (β=0.34, p<0.001). The mediation analysis revealed that nurses’ stress and anxiety about COVID-19 and grief rumination had a direct impact on PTG, with grief support serving as a significant mediator. Conclusion PTG was promoted by increases in the medical staff’s anxiety and stress related to COVID-19, grief rumination, and grief support. For the medical staff’s experience of bereavement to result in meaningful personal and professional growth, family members, colleagues, and other associates should provide thoughtful support.

Objective: The present study addressed the shortcomings of strictly defined criterion and survey-based approaches of previous smoking susceptibility measures and accordingly, developed and validated two scales, Smoking Susceptibility Measure (SSM) and Anti-Smoking Awareness Scale (ASAS). Methods: Firstly, the generation of SSM and ASAS items followed an extensive literature review, expert opinions and agreement, resulting in the retention of eight items for SSM and seven items for ASAS to administer them on a large sample (n=312). Average inter-item correlations, corrected item-total correlations, and internal consistency reliabilities of the measures fall within the recommended ranges. The data were found suitable to factorize the sample through exploratory factor analysis. To determine the structural validity of the measures, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was done, and the data had an adequate model fit for unifactorial solution. Multi-group CFA revealed that both measures can be applied in the same way across age and sex of the participants. Results: An inverse association of school connectedness with smoking susceptibility and positive association with anti-smoking awareness reflected the convergent validity of the measures. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that smoking susceptivity was negatively predicted by anti-smoking awareness and school connectedness whereas, positively predicted by self-esteem of the participants. Conclusion The SSM and ASAS were found to be psychometrically sound tools to objectively measure never-smoking youths’ smoking susceptibility and anti-smoking awareness, targeting effective intervention strategies to prevent adolescents and young adults from being a regular smoker.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the factors contributing to post-traumatic growth (PTG) among nurses who experienced patient death during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to evaluate the necessity of grief support is required. Methods: An online survey was conducted to assess the experiences of nurses at Ulsan University Hospital who lost patients during the past year of the pandemic. In total, 211 nurses were recruited. We obtained information on the participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics. For symptoms rating, we used the following scales: the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemic-9 (SAVE-9), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS), and Utrecht Grief Rumination Scale (UGRS), and Grief Support in Healthcare Scale (GSHCS). Pearson’s correlation coefficients, linear regression, and mediation analysis were employed. Results: PTGI scores were significantly correlated with the SAVE-9 (r=0.31, p<0.01), PHQ-9 (r=0.31, p<0.01), PGS (r=0.28, p<0.01), UGRS (r=0.45, p<0.01), and GSHCS scores (r=0.46, p<0.01). The linear regression analysis revealed the factors significantly associated with PTGI scores: SAVE-9 (β=0.16, p=0.014), UGRS (β=0.29, p<0.001), and GSHCS (β=0.34, p<0.001). The mediation analysis revealed that nurses’ stress and anxiety about COVID-19 and grief rumination had a direct impact on PTG, with grief support serving as a significant mediator. Conclusion PTG was promoted by increases in the medical staff’s anxiety and stress related to COVID-19, grief rumination, and grief support. For the medical staff’s experience of bereavement to result in meaningful personal and professional growth, family members, colleagues, and other associates should provide thoughtful support.